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Exercise: Defining Risk Classification Rules

Introduction

In the previous exercises, you've learned how to:

  • Map CSV data to RDF using RML
  • Query integrated data with SPARQL
  • Use RDFS reasoning for hierarchical queries

Now it's time to combine everything: defining rules that classify patients based on data from multiple systems.

This exercise demonstrates one of the most powerful aspects of semantic integration: cross-system reasoning.

The Scenario

Your hospital wants to identify high-risk patients who are in suboptimal environmental conditions. You have data from three systems:

  1. EMR: Patient demographics, fall risk scores
  2. Patient Monitoring: Alarm counts, call button usage
  3. BMS: Room humidity, HVAC status

The goal: Find high-risk patients in high-risk rooms.

The Data (given)

We provide the resulting dataset containing EMR, Patient Monitoring and BMS data:

<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Patient> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasID> "MRN-7834521" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasName> "Maria Van den Berg" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasFallRiskScore> "80"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/locatedIn> <http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/assignedTo> <http://www.example.com/nurse_NURSE-102> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasAlarmCount> "3"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasCallCount> "4"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasLastAlarmTime> "2024-11-15T14:30:00"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgHeartRate> "78"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgSpO2> "96"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834521> <http://www.example.com/hasMonitoringStatus> "active" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Patient> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasID> "MRN-7834522" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasName> "Jan Vermeulen" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasFallRiskScore> "45"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/locatedIn> <http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/assignedTo> <http://www.example.com/nurse_NURSE-102> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasAlarmCount> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasCallCount> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasLastAlarmTime> "2024-11-15T08:15:00"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgHeartRate> "72"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgSpO2> "98"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834522> <http://www.example.com/hasMonitoringStatus> "active" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Patient> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasID> "MRN-7834523" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasName> "Sophie Dubois" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasFallRiskScore> "92"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/locatedIn> <http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/assignedTo> <http://www.example.com/nurse_NURSE-103> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasAlarmCount> "7"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasCallCount> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasLastAlarmTime> "2024-11-15T15:45:00"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgHeartRate> "88"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgSpO2> "94"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834523> <http://www.example.com/hasMonitoringStatus> "active" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Patient> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasID> "MRN-7834524" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasName> "Lucas Peeters" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasFallRiskScore> "38"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/locatedIn> <http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/assignedTo> <http://www.example.com/nurse_NURSE-104> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasAlarmCount> "4"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasCallCount> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasLastAlarmTime> "2024-11-14T22:10:00"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgHeartRate> "68"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgSpO2> "99"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834524> <http://www.example.com/hasMonitoringStatus> "active" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Patient> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasID> "MRN-7834525" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasName> "Emma Janssens" .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasFallRiskScore> "88"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/locatedIn> <http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/assignedTo> <http://www.example.com/nurse_NURSE-103> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasAlarmCount> "2"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasCallCount> "3"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasLastAlarmTime> "2024-11-15T13:20:00"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgHeartRate> "82"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasAvgSpO2> "95"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/patient_MRN-7834525> <http://www.example.com/hasMonitoringStatus> "active" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/GeneralRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Room> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.example.com/hasRoomID> "3-WEST-214" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.example.com/hasZone> "3-WEST" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.example.com/hasCapacity> "2"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.example.com/hasTemperature> "24.2"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.example.com/hasHumidity> "72"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.example.com/hasHVACStatus> "operational" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-214> <http://www.example.com/lastUpdatedMinutesAgo> "15"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/GeneralRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Room> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.example.com/hasRoomID> "3-WEST-215" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.example.com/hasZone> "3-WEST" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.example.com/hasCapacity> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.example.com/hasTemperature> "22.0"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.example.com/hasHumidity> "58"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.example.com/hasHVACStatus> "operational" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-215> <http://www.example.com/lastUpdatedMinutesAgo> "15"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/ContactIsolationRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/IsolationRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Room> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.example.com/hasRoomID> "ICU-3W-216" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.example.com/hasZone> "ICU-3W" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.example.com/hasCapacity> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.example.com/hasTemperature> "20.8"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.example.com/hasHumidity> "55"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.example.com/hasHVACStatus> "operational" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-216> <http://www.example.com/lastUpdatedMinutesAgo> "15"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/GeneralRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Room> .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.example.com/hasRoomID> "2-EAST-101" .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.example.com/hasZone> "2-EAST" .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.example.com/hasCapacity> "2"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.example.com/hasTemperature> "24.2"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal> .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.example.com/hasHumidity> "61"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.example.com/hasHVACStatus> "operational" .
<http://www.example.com/room_2-EAST-101> <http://www.example.com/lastUpdatedMinutesAgo> "15"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/AirborneIsolationRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/IsolationRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Room> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.example.com/hasRoomID> "ICU-3W-217" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.example.com/hasZone> "ICU-3W" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.example.com/hasCapacity> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.example.com/hasTemperature> "21.0"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.example.com/hasHumidity> "70"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.example.com/hasHVACStatus> "operational" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-217> <http://www.example.com/lastUpdatedMinutesAgo> "15"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/AirborneIsolationRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/IsolationRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Room> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.example.com/hasRoomID> "3-WEST-220" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.example.com/hasZone> "3-WEST" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.example.com/hasCapacity> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.example.com/hasTemperature> "24.1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.example.com/hasHumidity> "65"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.example.com/hasHVACStatus> "maintenance_required" .
<http://www.example.com/room_3-WEST-220> <http://www.example.com/lastUpdatedMinutesAgo> "120"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/GeneralRoom> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.example.com/Room> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.example.com/hasRoomID> "ICU-3W-218" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.example.com/hasZone> "ICU-3W" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.example.com/hasCapacity> "1"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.example.com/hasTemperature> "21.8"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.example.com/hasHumidity> "62"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.example.com/hasHVACStatus> "operational" .
<http://www.example.com/room_ICU-3W-218> <http://www.example.com/lastUpdatedMinutesAgo> "15"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .

The Query (Given)

Here's the query the clinical team wants to run:

PREFIX example: <http://www.example.com/>

SELECT ?patient ?room                              
WHERE {                                                     
  ?patient a example:HighRiskPatient ;                            
           example:locatedIn ?room .                                                
  
  ?room a example:HighRiskRoom.
}

What This Query Does

  • Finds patients classified as HighRiskPatient (reasoning determines this!)
  • Who are in HighRiskRoom (also via reasoning)

The Problem

The example:HighRiskPatient class doesn't exist in your raw data!

Your data only has:

  • fall_risk_score (from EMR)
  • alarm_count (from Patient Monitoring)
  • call_count (from Nurse Call)

You need to define a rule that classifies patients as HighRiskPatient based on these indicators.

Your Task

Define rules that classify a patient as example:HighRiskPatient when:

  1. Fall risk score > 80, OR
  2. Call count > 2, OR
  3. Alarm count > 3, OR

Define rules that classify a rooms as example:HighRiskRooms when:

  1. Humidity > 60, AND
  2. Temperature > 24

Defining Rules

Your Task

Write rules that classify patients as HighRiskPatient and rooms as HighRiskRooms.

Kolibrie Rule Syntax Primer

RULE :Room1:- 
CONSTRUCT { 
   ?p a example:DoubleRoom.
}
WHERE { 
   ?p a example:Room.
    ?p example:hasCapacity ?cap.
FILTER(?cap >1)
}

Reads as: "If ?p is a Room AND ?p has a capacity of ?cap AND ?cap > 1, THEN ?p is a DoubleRoom"

Patients Rules: Defining HighRiskPatients

Define rules that classify a patient as example:HighRiskPatient when:

  1. Fall risk score > 80, OR
  2. Call count > 2, OR
  3. Alarm count > 3, OR

Test with the query:

PREFIX example: <http://www.example.com/>

SELECT ?patient                            
WHERE {                                                     
  ?patient a example:HighRiskPatient .
}

This should return 4 patients.

Room Rules: Defining HighRiskRooms

Define rules that classify a rooms as example:HighRiskRooms when:

  1. Humidity > 60, AND
  2. Temperature > 24

Test with the query

PREFIX example: <http://www.example.com/>

SELECT ?room                              
WHERE {                                                                                                   
  
  ?room a example:HighRiskRoom.
}

This should return 3 rooms.

Combining everything

Finding high risk patients in high risk rooms:

PREFIX example: <http://www.example.com/>

SELECT ?patient ?room                              
WHERE {                                                     
  ?patient a example:HighRiskPatient ;                            
           example:locatedIn ?room .                                                
  
  ?room a example:HighRiskRoom.
}

This should return 2 results.