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+ + + || + + + + + + + + + + Text is not SVG - cannot display + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/assets/cxl/expr.drawio.svg b/cds/assets/cxl/expr.drawio.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b67261bc8f --- /dev/null +++ b/cds/assets/cxl/expr.drawio.svg @@ -0,0 +1,868 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + literal value + + + + + + + + + + + + ref + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ( + + + + + + + + + + , + + + + + + + + + + ) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ( + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + type-ref + + + + + + + + + + + ) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ( + + + + + + + + + + ) + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + , + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + unary operator + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + binary operator + + + + + + + + + + + + ref + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + function + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CAST + + + + + + + + + + + + + + AS + + + + + + + + + + + + + + NOT + + + + + + + + + + LIKE + + + + + + + + + + IS + + + + + + + + + + NULL + + + + + + + + + + BETWEEN + + + + + + + + + + NOT + + + + + + + + + + + + + + AND + + + + + + + + + + + + + + NOT + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + NOT + + + + + + + + + + IN + + + + + + + + + + NOT + + + + + + + + + + EXISTS + + + + + + + + + + CASE + + + + + + + + + + WHEN + + + + + + + + + + THEN + + + + + + + + + + ELSE + + + + + + + + + + END + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/assets/cxl/function-def.drawio.svg b/cds/assets/cxl/function-def.drawio.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2db3c1d36a --- /dev/null +++ b/cds/assets/cxl/function-def.drawio.svg @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ( + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ) + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + , + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + function name + + + + + + + + + + Text is not SVG - cannot display + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/assets/cxl/infix-filter.drawio.svg b/cds/assets/cxl/infix-filter.drawio.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cff966b280 --- /dev/null +++ b/cds/assets/cxl/infix-filter.drawio.svg @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + WHERE + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + [ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expr + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ WHERE is implicitly part of each infix filter +
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+ + + WHERE is implic... + + + + + + + + + + Text is not SVG - cannot display + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/assets/cxl/intro.drawio.svg b/cds/assets/cxl/intro.drawio.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b4ab6afc5f --- /dev/null +++ b/cds/assets/cxl/intro.drawio.svg @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + language construct + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + start here 🚀 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 💡clickable + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + finish 🏁 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + … + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Green Boxes indicate proprietary CAP expressions + + + they extend standard SQL Expressions in some way + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + Shapes with rounded corners refer to terminal symbols such as + + + exists + + + or + + + null + + + , which can't be further divided + +
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+ + + Shapes with rounded corn... + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + language constructs can be broken down further and get their own syntax diagram + +
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+ + + language constructs can... + + + + + + + + + + + alternative 1 + + + + + + + + + + alternative 2 + + + + + + + + + Text is not SVG - cannot display + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/assets/cxl/literal-value.drawio.svg b/cds/assets/cxl/literal-value.drawio.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..105b37cea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/cds/assets/cxl/literal-value.drawio.svg @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + string-literal + + + + + + + + + + null + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + numeric-literal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true + + + + + + + + + + false + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Date + + + + + + + + + + Time + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + TimeStamp + + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/assets/cxl/ref.drawio.svg b/cds/assets/cxl/ref.drawio.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cfb78f48bc --- /dev/null +++ b/cds/assets/cxl/ref.drawio.svg @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + a scalar element is a primitive field (e.g., String, Integer, Decimal, Boolean, Date/Time, UUID) without nested structure or associations + + + + + + + a scalar element is a primitive field (e.g., String, Integer, Decimal, Boolean, Date/Time, UUID) without nested structure or associations + + + leaf element + + + + + + + + + + structured element + + + + + + + + + + association + + + + + + + + + + + infix filter + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/assets/cxl/unary-operator.drawio.svg b/cds/assets/cxl/unary-operator.drawio.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..df933fe1f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/cds/assets/cxl/unary-operator.drawio.svg @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + NOT + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cds/cxl.md b/cds/cxl.md index f9734ff3d9..8865502da7 100644 --- a/cds/cxl.md +++ b/cds/cxl.md @@ -1,12 +1,834 @@ --- +# layout: cds-ref +shorty: Expressions +synopsis: > + Specification of the CDS Expression Language (CXL) used to capture expressions in CDS. status: released --- -# CDS Expression Language (CXL) + -This document provides an overview of the CDS Expression Language (CXL) used in CDS models and queries. -CXL is essentially a standard subset of SQL expressions enhanced by [Path Expressions](../cds/cql#path-expressions) with [Infix Filters](../cds/cql#with-infix-filters). -The documentation is still **under construction** and will be released soon. +# CDS Expression Language (CXL) { #expressions } +The CDS Expression Language (`CXL`) is a language to express calculations, conditions, +and other expressions in the context of CDS models and queries. +**`CXL` is based on the SQL expression language**, so many syntax elements from SQL are also available in `CXL`. + +`CXL` can be used in various places: +- In [CQL](./cql#path-expressions) (select list, where clause, …) +- In [CDL](./cdl) + + In [calculated elements](./cdl#calculated-elements) + + In [annotations](./cdl.md#expressions-as-annotation-values) + +::: tip Expressions in CAP are materialized in the context of queries +No matter where `CXL` is used, it always manifests in queries. +For example, [a calculated element](./cdl#calculated-elements) defined in an entity will be resolved +to the respective calculation in the generated query when the entity is queried. +::: + + +## How to read this guide { #how-to } + + +In the following chapters we illustrate the `CXL` syntax based on simple and more complex examples. +For a complete reference of the syntax, there are clickable [syntax diagrams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_diagram) (aka railroad diagrams) for each language construct. + +### samples + +To try the samples by yourself, create a simple CAP app: + +```sh +cds init bookshop --add sample && cd bookshop +``` + +We encourage you to play around with the snippets. +Just create the sample app as described above and start a repl session within the newly created app by running: + +```sh +cds repl --run . +``` + +:::info All of the example expressions follow the same pattern: +1. A **`CXL`** is shown in the context of a query. +2. The resulting **`SQL`** is shown. + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Books { title }` // [!code focus] +[ + { title: 'Wuthering Heights' }, + { title: 'Jane Eyre' }, + { title: 'The Raven' }, + { title: 'Eleonora' }, + { title: 'Catweazle' } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT title FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books +``` +::: + +### syntax diagrams + +Each language construct is illustrated by a clickable [syntax diagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_diagram). + +They show the syntax of CAPs expression language as a sequence of building blocks. +By clicking on the individual blocks, you can get more information about the respective building block. + +The following diagram illustrates how to read the diagrams: + +
+ +
+
+ + +## expr { #expr } + +An expression can hold various elements, such as references, literals, function calls, operators, and more. A few examples, in the context of a select list: +```cds +select from Books { + 42 as answer, // literal + title, // reference ("ref") + price * quantity as totalPrice, // binary operator + substring(title, 1, 3) as shortTitle, // function call + author.name as authorName, // ref with path expression + chapters[number < 3] as earlyChapters, // ref with infix filter + exists chapters as hasChapters, // exists + count(chapters) as chapterCount, // aggregate function +} +``` + +This syntax diagram describes the possible expressions: + +
+ +
+
+ + +::: tip +An expression can be used in various places, in the following sections we will give a brief overview of _some_ use cases. +::: + +### in model definitions + +Expressions can be used to define calculated elements. +Typically, this is done on the select list of a query. CAP +also allows to define calculated elements directly in the model: + +```cds +extend Books with { + total = price * stock; +} +``` + +In this example, we define a calculated element `total` in the `Books` entity +that calculates the total value of all books in stock by multiplying the `price` with the `stock`. + + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT title, total from Books` // [!code focus] +[ + { title: 'Wuthering Heights', total: 133.32 }, + { title: 'Jane Eyre', total: 135.74 }, + { title: 'The Raven', total: 4372.29 }, + { title: 'Eleonora', total: 7770 }, + { title: 'Catweazle', total: 3300 } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT + Books.title, + Books.price * Books.stock as total -- calculated element is resolved +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books +``` +::: + +[Learn more about calculated elements](./cdl.md#calculated-elements){ .learn-more } + +### in queries + +Expressions can be used in various parts of a query, e.g., on the select list, in the where clause, in order by clauses, and more: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql` + SELECT from Books { + title, + stock, + price, + price * stock as total } where price > 10` // [!code focus] +[ + { title: 'Wuthering Heights', stock: 12, price: 11.11, total: 133.32}, + { title: 'Jane Eyre', stock: 11, price: 12.34, total: 135.74 }, + { title: 'The Raven', stock: 333, price: 13.13, total: 4372.29 }, + { title: 'Eleonora', stock: 555, price: 14, total: 7770 }, + { title: 'Catweazle', stock: 22, price: 150, total: 3300 } +] +``` + +Compared to the previous example, we now use the expression directly in the query +to calculate the total value of all books in stock. + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT + Books.title, + Books.stock, + Books.price, + Books.price * Books.stock as total +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books +WHERE Books.price > 10 +``` +::: + + +### in annotations + +Annotations can [contain expressions](./cdl.md#expressions-as-annotation-values) as their value. +The meaning and effect of the expression depend on the specific annotation being used. + +For example, the [`@assert` annotation](../guides/services/constraints.md#assert-constraint) lets us declaratively define input validation constraints. +In this example, we want to make sure that no Books with negative stocks are created: + + +```cds +annotate AdminService.Books:stock with @assert: (case + when stock < 0 then 'Enter a positive number' +end); +``` + +Upon insert, the expression is evaluated against the updated data: + +:::code-group +```js [cds repl] +> const { Books } = AdminService.entities +> const insert = INSERT.into(Books).entries({ // [!code focus] + ID: 277, + author_ID: 101, + title: 'Lord of the Rings', + stock: -2, // [!code focus] + }) +> await AdminService.run(insert) + +Uncaught: +{ + status: 400, // [!code focus] + code: 'ASSERT', // [!code focus] + target: 'stock', // [!code focus] + numericSeverity: 4, + '@Common.numericSeverity': 4, + message: 'Enter a positive number' // [!code focus] +} +``` + +```sql [sql log] +BEGIN + +-- sql statement for the insert: +INSERT INTO sap_capire_bookshop_Books (createdAt,createdBy,modifiedAt,modifiedBy,ID,author_ID,title,descr,genre_ID,stock,price,currency_code) SELECT (CASE WHEN json_type(value,'$."createdAt"') IS NULL THEN ISO(session_context('$now')) ELSE ISO(value->>'$."createdAt"') END),(CASE WHEN json_type(value,'$."createdBy"') IS NULL THEN session_context('$user.id') ELSE value->>'$."createdBy"' END),(CASE WHEN json_type(value,'$."modifiedAt"') IS NULL THEN ISO(session_context('$now')) ELSE ISO(value->>'$."modifiedAt"') END),(CASE WHEN json_type(value,'$."modifiedBy"') IS NULL THEN session_context('$user.id') ELSE value->>'$."modifiedBy"' END),value->>'$."ID"',value->>'$."author_ID"',value->>'$."title"',value->>'$."descr"',value->>'$."genre_ID"',value->>'$."stock"',value->>'$."price"',value->>'$."currency_code"' FROM json_each(?) [ + [ + [ + { + ID: 277, + author_ID: 101, + title: 'Lord of the Rings', + stock: -2 + } + ] + ] +] + +-- assert expressions are evaluated: +SELECT json_insert('{}','$."ID"',ID,'$."@assert:stock"',"@assert:stock") as _json_ +FROM ( + SELECT + "$B".ID, + case when "$B".stock < ? then ? end as "@assert:stock" + FROM AdminService_Books as "$B" + WHERE ("$B".ID) in ((?)) +) [ 0, 'Enter a positive number', 277 ] + +-- result of evaluation contains violated constraints, +-- which leads to a rollback: +ROLLBACK +``` +::: + + +::: tip What-not-how! +The `@assert` annotation lets you capture the intent via an expression, without having to deal with the technical details. +This conforms to the core principle [what-not-how](../guides/domain/index#capture-intent-—-what-not-how) of CAP. +::: + +## literal value { #literal-value } + +Literal values represent constant data embedded directly in an expression. +They are independent of model elements and evaluate to the same value. + +
+
+
+ +:::code-group +```js [cds repl] +> cds.parse.expr ` 42 ` +{ val: 42 } +> cds.parse.expr ` 'Hello World' ` +{ val: 'Hello World' } +> cds.parse.expr ` null ` +{ val: null } +> cds.parse.expr ` true ` +{ val: true } +> cds.parse.expr ` false ` +{ val: false } +> cds.parse.expr ` Date'2026-01-01' ` +{ val: '2026-01-01', literal: 'date' } +> cds.parse.expr ` Time'08:42:15.000' ` +{ val: '08:42:15.000', literal: 'time' } +> cds.parse.expr ` TimeStamp'2026-01-14T10:30:00Z' ` +{ val: '2026-01-14T10:30:00Z', literal: 'timestamp' } +``` +::: + +[Learn more about literals.](./csn.md#literals){ .learn-more } + +## operators + +### unary operator { #unary-operator } + +
+
+
+ +::: info A unary operator is an operator that operates on exactly one operand. + +E.g. in the expression `-price`, the `-` operator is a unary operator +that operates on the single operand `price`. It negates the value of `price`. +::: + +### binary operator { #binary-operator } + +
+
+
+ + +::: info A binary operator is an operator that operates on two operands. +E.g. in the expression `price * quantity`, the `*` operator is a binary operator +that multiplies the two factors `price` and `quantity`. +::: + +## function { #function } + + +
+ +
+
+ + +CAP supports a set of [portable functions](../guides/databases/cql-to-sql.md#portable-functions) that can be used in all expressions. Those functions are passed through to the underlying database, allowing you to leverage the same functions for different databases, which greatly enhances portability. + +## ref (path expression) { #ref } + +A `ref` (short for reference) is used to refer to an element within the model. +It can be used to navigate along path segments. Such a navigation is often +referred to as a **path expression**. + +
+ +
+
+ +::: info Leaf elements +Leaf elements as opposed to associations and structured elements represent scalar values, such as strings, numbers, dates, as well as the array and map types. +They typically manifest as columns in database tables. +::: + +### simple element reference + +In its simplest form, a `ref` can be used to reference an element: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] {1} +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Books { title }` // [!code focus] +[ + { title: 'Wuthering Heights' }, + { title: 'Jane Eyre' }, + { title: 'The Raven' }, + { title: 'Eleonora' }, + { title: 'Catweazle' } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT title FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books +``` +::: + +In this example, we select the `title` element from the `Books` entity. + +### path navigation {#path-navigation} + +A path expression can be used to navigate to any element of the associations target: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Books { title, author.name as author }` // [!code focus] +[ + { title: 'Wuthering Heights', author: 'Emily Brontë' }, + { title: 'Jane Eyre', author: 'Charlotte Brontë' }, + { title: 'The Raven', author: 'Edgar Allen Poe' }, + { title: 'Eleonora', author: 'Edgar Allen Poe' }, + { title: 'Catweazle', author: 'Richard Carpenter' } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT + title, + author.name AS author +FROM + sap_capire_bookshop_Books AS Books + LEFT JOIN sap_capire_bookshop_Authors AS author -- The table alias for association 'author' + ON author.ID = Books.author_ID; +``` +::: + +In this example, we select all books together with the name of their author. +The association `author` defined in the `Books` entity relates a book to it's author. + +::: warning Flattening of to-many associations +When navigating along a to-many association to a leaf element, the result is flattened: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql `SELECT from Authors { books.title as title, name as author }` // [!code focus] +[ + { title: 'Wuthering Heights', author: 'Emily Brontë' }, + { title: 'Jane Eyre', author: 'Charlotte Brontë' }, + { title: 'Eleonora', author: 'Edgar Allen Poe' }, // [!code focus] + { title: 'The Raven', author: 'Edgar Allen Poe' }, // [!code focus] + { title: 'Catweazle', author: 'Richard Carpenter' } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT + books.title as title, + name as author +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors + LEFT JOIN sap_capire_bookshop_Books as books + ON books.author_ID = Authors.ID +``` + +In this example, we select the book titles together with each author. +Since books is a to-many association, we get a _joined_ result that repeats every author (name) for every associated book. +::: + +Use expand to read to-many associations as structured result: + +::: code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Authors { + name as author, + books { title } }` // [!code focus] + +[ + { author: 'Emily Brontë', books: [ { title: 'Wuthering Heights' } ] }, + { author: 'Charlotte Brontë', books: [ { title: 'Jane Eyre' } ] }, + { // [!code focus] + author: 'Edgar Allen Poe', // [!code focus] + books: [ { title: 'The Raven' }, { title: 'Eleonora' } ] // [!code focus] + }, // [!code focus] + { author: 'Richard Carpenter', books: [ { title: 'Catweazle' } ] } +] +``` +```sql [SQL] +SELECT Authors.name as author, +( + SELECT jsonb_group_array( + jsonb_insert('{}', '$."title"', title, '$."genre"', genre->'$') + ) as _json_ + FROM ( + SELECT books.title, ( + SELECT json_insert('{}', '$."name"', name) as _json_ + FROM ( + SELECT genre.name + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Genres as genre + WHERE books.genre_ID = genre.ID + LIMIT ? + ) + ) as genre + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as books + WHERE Authors.ID = books.author_ID + )) as books +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors + +``` +::: + +::: warning Annotation expressions expect single-valued results +When writing annotation expressions, it's often important to ensure that the result yields a single value for each entry in the annotated entity. +To achieve this, use the [exists](#in-exists-predicate) predicate. +::: + +### in `exists` predicate + +Path expressions can also be used after the `exists` keyword to check whether the set referenced by the path is empty. +This is especially useful for to-many relations. + +E.g., to select all authors that have written **at least** one book: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Authors { name } where exists books` // [!code focus] + +[ + { name: 'Emily Brontë' }, + { name: 'Charlotte Brontë' }, + { name: 'Edgar Allen Poe' }, + { name: 'Richard Carpenter' } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] {3-7} +SELECT Authors.name +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors +WHERE exists ( + SELECT 1 + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as books + WHERE books.author_ID = Authors.ID + ) +``` +::: + +[Learn more about the `exists` predicate.](./cql.md#exists-predicate){.learn-more} + +The `exists` predicate can be further enhanced by [combining it with infix filters](#exists-infix-filter). +This allows you to specify conditions on subsets of associated entities, enabling more precise and expressive queries. + +## infix filter { #infix-filter } + +An infix in linguistics refer to a letter or group of letters that are added in the middle of a word to make a new word. + +If we apply this terminology to [path-expressions](#ref), an infix filter condition is an expression +that is applied to a path-segment of a [path-expression](#ref). +This allows to filter the target of an association based on certain criteria. + +
+ +
+
+ + + +### applied to `exists` predicate { #exists-infix-filter } + +In this example, we want to select all authors with books that have a certain stock amount. +To achieve this, we can apply an infix filter to the path segment `books` in the exists predicate: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +await cds.ql`SELECT from Authors { name } + where exists books[stock > 100]` // [!code focus] +[ { name: 'Edgar Allen Poe' } ] +``` +```sql [SQL] +SELECT + name +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors +WHERE exists ( + SELECT 1 + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as books + WHERE books.author_ID = Authors.ID + and books.stock > 100 +) +``` +::: + + +Exist predicates with infix filters can also be nested. +Here we select all authors that have written at least one book in the `Fantasy` genre: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql` + SELECT from Authors { name } + where exists books[exists genre[name = 'Fantasy']]` // [!code focus] + +[ { name: 'Richard Carpenter' } ] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT + name +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors +WHERE exists ( + SELECT 1 + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as books + WHERE books.author_ID = Authors.ID + and exists ( + SELECT 1 + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Genres as genre + WHERE genre.ID = books.genre_ID + and genre.name = 'Fantasy' + ) +) +``` +::: + + +### applied to `from` clause + +Infix filters can also be applied to [path expressions in the `from` clause](./cql#path-expressions-in-from-clauses). + +For example, we want to get the author names of books with a price greater than 19.99. +Intuitively, we can formulate a query using a condition in the `where` clause: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Books { author.name as name } where price > 19.99` // [!code focus] +[ { name: 'Richard Carpenter' } ] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT author.name as name +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books +LEFT JOIN sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as author + ON author.ID = Books.author_ID +WHERE Books.price > ? +``` +::: + +But we can also move this condition to an infix filter: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Books[price > 19.99] { author.name as name }` // [!code focus] +[ { name: 'Richard Carpenter' } ] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +``` +::: + +Now we can further use path navigation to navigate from the filtered books to their authors: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Books[price > 19.99]:author { name }` // [!code focus] +[ { name: 'Richard Carpenter' } ] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT Authors.name +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors +WHERE exists ( + SELECT 1 + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books + WHERE Books.author_ID = Authors.ID + and Books.price > ? +) +``` +::: + + +::: info +Note that the generated SQL is equivalent to querying authors with an [exists predicate](#exists-infix-filter): + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Authors { name } where exists books[price > 19.99]` // [!code focus] +[ { name: 'Richard Carpenter' } ] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT Authors.name +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors +WHERE exists ( + SELECT 1 + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books + WHERE Books.author_ID = Authors.ID + and Books.price > ? +) +``` +::: + +### in calculated element + +You can also use the infix filter notation to derive +another more specific association from an existing one. + +In the `Authors` entity in the `Books.cds` file add a new element `cheapBooks`: + +```cds {2} + books : Association to many Books on books.author = $self; + cheapBooks = books[price < 19.99]; // based on `books` association +``` + +Now we can use `cheapBooks` just like any other association. +E.g. to select the set of authors which have no cheap books: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Authors { name } where not exists cheapBooks` // [!code focus] +[ + { name: 'Richard Carpenter' } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT Authors.name +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors +WHERE not exists ( + SELECT 1 + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as cheapBooks + WHERE (cheapBooks.author_ID = Authors.ID) + and (cheapBooks.price < 19.99) -- here the infix filter condition is applied + ) +``` +::: + + +[Learn more about association-like calculated elements.](./cdl.md#association-like-calculated-elements){ .learn-more } + +We can also use `cheapBooks` in nested expands to get all cheap books of each author: + +::: code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql`SELECT from Authors { name, cheapBooks { title, price } }` // [!code focus] +[ + { + name: 'Emily Brontë', + cheapBooks: [ { title: 'Wuthering Heights', price: 11.11 } ] + }, + { + name: 'Charlotte Brontë', + cheapBooks: [ { title: 'Jane Eyre', price: 12.34 } ] + }, + { + name: 'Edgar Allen Poe', + cheapBooks: [ + { title: 'The Raven', price: 13.13 }, + { title: 'Eleonora', price: 14 } + ] + }, + { name: 'Richard Carpenter', cheapBooks: [] } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT Authors.name, +( + SELECT jsonb_group_array( + jsonb_insert('{}', '$."title"', title, '$."price"', price) + ) as _json_ + FROM ( + SELECT + Books.title, + Books.price + FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books + WHERE (Authors.ID = Books.author_ID) + and (Books.price < ?) + ) +) as cheapBooks +FROM sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as Authors +``` +::: + + +### between path segments + +Assuming you have the [calculated element](#in-calculated-element) `age` in place on the Authors entity: + +```cds +extend Authors with { + age = years_between(dateOfBirth, coalesce(dateOfDeath, date( $now ))); +} +``` + +In this case we want to select all books but the author is only included in the result if their age is below 40: + +:::code-group +```js [CQL] +> await cds.ql `SELECT from Books { title, author[age < 40].name as author }` // [!code focus] + +[ + { title: 'Wuthering Heights', author: 'Emily Brontë' }, + { title: 'Jane Eyre', author: 'Charlotte Brontë' }, + { title: 'The Raven', author: null }, + { title: 'Eleonora', author: null }, + { title: 'Catweazle', author: null } +] +``` + +```sql [SQL] +SELECT + title, + author.name as author +FROM + sap_capire_bookshop_Books as Books +LEFT JOIN + sap_capire_bookshop_Authors as author +ON + author.ID = Books.author_ID AND floor( + ( + ( + (cast(strftime('%Y', coalesce(author.dateOfDeath,session_context('$now'))) as Integer) - cast(strftime('%Y', author.dateOfBirth) as Integer)) * 12 + ) + ( + cast(strftime('%m', coalesce(author.dateOfDeath,session_context('$now'))) as Integer) - cast(strftime('%m', author.dateOfBirth) as Integer) + ) + ( + ( + case + when (cast(strftime('%Y%m', coalesce(author.dateOfDeath,session_context('$now'))) as Integer) < cast(strftime('%Y%m', author.dateOfBirth) as Integer)) then + (cast(strftime('%d%H%M%S%f0000', coalesce(author.dateOfDeath,session_context('$now'))) as Integer) > cast(strftime('%d%H%M%S%f0000', author.dateOfBirth) as Integer)) + else + (cast(strftime('%d%H%M%S%f0000', coalesce(author.dateOfDeath,session_context('$now'))) as Integer) < cast(strftime('%d%H%M%S%f0000', author.dateOfBirth) as Integer)) * -1 + end + ) + ) + ) / 12) < ? + ``` +::: + +The path expression `author[ age < 40 ].name` +navigates along the `author` association of the `Books` entity only if the author's age is below 40. + + -For the time being, please refer to the existing reference docs about [CDS Query Language (CQL)](../cds/cql), and to the [CDS Expression Notation (CXN)](../cds/cxn) documentation. diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json index 673c407b72..cfd1cc7a3b 100644 --- a/package-lock.json +++ b/package-lock.json @@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ "eslint": "^9.0.0", "eslint-plugin-vue": "^10.0.0", "fflate": "^0.8.2", + "markdown-it-mathjax3": "^4.3.2", "markdownlint-cli": ">=0.35.0", "markdownlint-rule-search-replace": "^1.1.1", "sass": "^1.62.1", @@ -3302,6 +3303,16 @@ "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/antfu" } }, + "node_modules/@xmldom/xmldom": { + "version": "0.9.8", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@xmldom/xmldom/-/xmldom-0.9.8.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-p96FSY54r+WJ50FIOsCOjyj/wavs8921hG5+kVMmZgKcvIKxMXHTrjNJvRgWa/zuX3B6t2lijLNFaOyuxUH+2A==", + "dev": true, + "license": "MIT", + "engines": { + "node": ">=14.6" + } + }, "node_modules/accepts": { "version": "1.3.8", "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/accepts/-/accepts-1.3.8.tgz", @@ -3400,6 +3411,16 @@ "dev": true, "license": "MIT" }, + "node_modules/ansi-colors": { + "version": "4.1.3", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-colors/-/ansi-colors-4.1.3.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-/6w/C21Pm1A7aZitlI5Ni/2J6FFQN8i1Cvz3kHABAAbw93v/NlvKdVOqz7CCWz/3iv/JplRSEEZ83XION15ovw==", + "dev": true, + "license": "MIT", + "engines": { + "node": ">=6" + } + }, "node_modules/ansi-regex": { "version": "6.2.2", "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.2.2.tgz", @@ -3682,6 +3703,45 @@ "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm" } }, + "node_modules/cheerio": { + "version": "1.0.0-rc.10", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cheerio/-/cheerio-1.0.0-rc.10.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-g0J0q/O6mW8z5zxQ3A8E8J1hUgp4SMOvEoW/x84OwyHKe/Zccz83PVT4y5Crcr530FV6NgmKI1qvGTKVl9XXVw==", + "dev": true, + "license": "MIT", + "dependencies": { + "cheerio-select": "^1.5.0", + "dom-serializer": "^1.3.2", + "domhandler": "^4.2.0", + "htmlparser2": "^6.1.0", + "parse5": "^6.0.1", + "parse5-htmlparser2-tree-adapter": "^6.0.1", + "tslib": "^2.2.0" + }, + "engines": { + "node": ">= 6" + }, + "funding": { + "url": "https://github.com/cheeriojs/cheerio?sponsor=1" + } + }, + "node_modules/cheerio-select": { + "version": "1.6.0", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cheerio-select/-/cheerio-select-1.6.0.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-eq0GdBvxVFbqWgmCm7M3XGs1I8oLy/nExUnh6oLqmBditPO9AqQJrkslDpMun/hZ0yyTs8L0m85OHp4ho6Qm9g==", + "dev": true, + "license": "BSD-2-Clause", + "dependencies": { + "css-select": "^4.3.0", + "css-what": "^6.0.1", + "domelementtype": "^2.2.0", + "domhandler": "^4.3.1", + "domutils": "^2.8.0" + }, + "funding": { + "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/fb55" + } + }, "node_modules/chokidar": { "version": "4.0.3", "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/chokidar/-/chokidar-4.0.3.tgz", @@ -4040,6 +4100,36 @@ "@cspell/cspell-types": "9.6.0" } }, + "node_modules/css-select": { + "version": "4.3.0", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/css-select/-/css-select-4.3.0.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-wPpOYtnsVontu2mODhA19JrqWxNsfdatRKd64kmpRbQgh1KtItko5sTnEpPdpSaJszTOhEMlF/RPz28qj4HqhQ==", + "dev": true, + "license": "BSD-2-Clause", + "dependencies": { + "boolbase": "^1.0.0", + "css-what": "^6.0.1", + "domhandler": "^4.3.1", + "domutils": "^2.8.0", + "nth-check": "^2.0.1" + }, + "funding": { + "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/fb55" + } + }, + "node_modules/css-what": { + "version": "6.2.2", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/css-what/-/css-what-6.2.2.tgz", + "integrity": 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"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/entities/-/entities-2.2.0.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-p92if5Nz619I0w+akJrLZH0MX0Pb5DX39XOwQTtXSdQQOaYH03S1uIQp4mhOZtAXrxq4ViO67YTiLBo2638o9A==", + "dev": true, + "license": "BSD-2-Clause", + "funding": { + "url": "https://github.com/fb55/entities?sponsor=1" + } + }, + "node_modules/domelementtype": { + "version": "2.3.0", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/domelementtype/-/domelementtype-2.3.0.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-OLETBj6w0OsagBwdXnPdN0cnMfF9opN69co+7ZrbfPGrdpPVNBUj02spi6B1N7wChLQiPn4CSH/zJvXw56gmHw==", + "dev": true, + "funding": [ + { + "type": "github", + "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/fb55" + } + ], + "license": "BSD-2-Clause" + }, + "node_modules/domhandler": { + "version": "4.3.1", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/domhandler/-/domhandler-4.3.1.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-GrwoxYN+uWlzO8uhUXRl0P+kHE4GtVPfYzVLcUxPL7KNdHKj66vvlhiweIHqYYXWlw+T8iLMp42Lm67ghw4WMQ==", + "dev": true, + "license": "BSD-2-Clause", + 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"https://registry.npmjs.org/http-errors/-/http-errors-2.0.1.tgz", @@ -5408,6 +5620,36 @@ "node": ">=0.10.0" } }, + "node_modules/juice": { + "version": "8.1.0", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/juice/-/juice-8.1.0.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-FLzurJrx5Iv1e7CfBSZH68dC04EEvXvvVvPYB7Vx1WAuhCp1ZPIMtqxc+WTWxVkpTIC2Ach/GAv0rQbtGf6YMA==", + "dev": true, + "license": "MIT", + "dependencies": { + "cheerio": "1.0.0-rc.10", + "commander": "^6.1.0", + "mensch": "^0.3.4", + "slick": "^1.12.2", + "web-resource-inliner": "^6.0.1" + }, + "bin": { + "juice": "bin/juice" + }, + "engines": { + "node": ">=10.0.0" + } + }, + "node_modules/juice/node_modules/commander": { + "version": "6.2.1", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/commander/-/commander-6.2.1.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-U7VdrJFnJgo4xjrHpTzu0yrHPGImdsmD95ZlgYSEajAn2JKzDhDTPG9kBTefmObL2w/ngeZnilk+OV9CG3d7UA==", + "dev": true, + "license": "MIT", + "engines": { + "node": ">= 6" + } + }, "node_modules/katex": { "version": "0.16.27", "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/katex/-/katex-0.16.27.tgz", @@ -5548,6 +5790,17 @@ "markdown-it": "bin/markdown-it.mjs" } }, + "node_modules/markdown-it-mathjax3": { + "version": "4.3.2", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/markdown-it-mathjax3/-/markdown-it-mathjax3-4.3.2.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-TX3GW5NjmupgFtMJGRauioMbbkGsOXAAt1DZ/rzzYmTHqzkO1rNAdiMD4NiruurToPApn2kYy76x02QN26qr2w==", + "dev": true, + "license": "MIT", + "dependencies": { + "juice": "^8.0.0", + "mathjax-full": "^3.2.0" + } + }, "node_modules/markdown-table": { "version": "3.0.4", "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/markdown-table/-/markdown-table-3.0.4.tgz", @@ -5696,6 +5949,19 @@ "node": ">= 0.4" } }, + "node_modules/mathjax-full": { + "version": "3.2.1", + "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mathjax-full/-/mathjax-full-3.2.1.tgz", + "integrity": "sha512-aUz9o16MGZdeiIBwZjAfUBTiJb7LRqzZEl1YOZ8zQMGYIyh1/nxRebxKxjDe9L+xcZCr2OHdzoFBMcd6VnLv9Q==", + "dev": true, + "license": 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