diff --git a/.claude/commands/optimize.md b/.claude/commands/optimize.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c96a99b43f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.claude/commands/optimize.md
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+---
+name: optimize
+description: Run a profiling-driven optimization loop for a specific function
+argument-hint: "<function-name> e.g. executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor"
+allowed-tools:
+  - Read
+  - Write
+  - Edit
+  - Glob
+  - Grep
+  - Bash
+  - Task
+  - AskUserQuestion
+---
+
+# Optimization Loop for: $ARGUMENTS
+
+You are running a profiling-driven optimization loop focused on the function `$ARGUMENTS`.
+
+## References
+
+Read `benchmark/CLAUDE.md` for benchmark commands, environment variables, profiling, and the full optimization loop steps.
+
+## Workflow
+
+Execute the optimization loop from benchmark/CLAUDE.md section "Optimization loop", but focused on `$ARGUMENTS`:
+
+### Phase 1: Understand the target function
+
+1. Find the function `$ARGUMENTS` in the codebase using Grep
+2. Read the function and its callers/callees to understand the hot path
+3. Identify what packages, types, and helpers it uses
+
+### Phase 2: Profile
+
+4. Run the benchmark: `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true benchmark/benchmark.sh`
+5. Wait for it to complete (default DURATION=120s)
+
+### Phase 3: Analyze (focused on target function)
+
+6. Run pprof analysis focused on `$ARGUMENTS` and its call tree. Run these in parallel:
+   - CPU: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - fgprof: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Heap (alloc_space): `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Heap (alloc_objects): `go tool pprof -alloc_objects -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Block: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/block.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Mutex: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/mutex.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+7. Use `go tool pprof -text -focus='$ARGUMENTS' /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` to get function-focused breakdown
+8. Open flamegraphs on separate ports for the user to inspect:
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8081 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8082 -alloc_space /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
+
+### Phase 4: Summarize and discuss
+
+9. Present findings to the user:
+   - TPS from the benchmark run (extract from `/tmp/sei-bench/tps.txt`)
+   - Where `$ARGUMENTS` and its callees spend the most time (CPU, wall-clock)
+   - Biggest allocation hotspots within the function's call tree
+   - Any contention (block/mutex) in the function's path
+   - Top 2-3 candidate optimizations with expected impact and trade-offs
+10. Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue. Do NOT write any code until the user picks.
+
+### Phase 5: Implement
+
+11. Implement the chosen optimization
+12. Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified `.go` files
+13. Commit the change
+
+### Phase 6: Compare
+
+14. Record the commit hash before and after the optimization
+15. Run comparison: `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<before-commit> candidate=<after-commit>`
+16. Open diff flamegraphs for the user:
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8083 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8084 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8085 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
+
+### Phase 7: Validate
+
+17. Present results:
+    - TPS delta (baseline vs candidate)
+    - CPU diff: `go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz`
+    - Heap diff: `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz`
+18. Ask the user: keep, iterate, or revert?
+19. If keep and user approves, ask whether to open a PR
+
+## Important rules
+
+- ALWAYS ask the user before writing any optimization code (step 10)
+- ALWAYS ask the user before opening a PR (step 19)
+- Cross-session benchmark numbers are NOT comparable. Only compare within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run.
+- Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified Go files before committing
+- If `$ARGUMENTS` is empty or not found, ask the user to provide the function name
+- GC tuning (GOGC, GOMEMLIMIT, debug.SetGCPercent, debug.SetMemoryLimit) is NOT a valid optimization. Do not modify GC parameters or memory limits. Focus on reducing allocations and improving algorithmic efficiency instead.
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index ee69756150..6a19a87161 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -17,3 +17,7 @@ gofmt -s -l .
 ```
 
 This command should produce no output if all files are properly formatted.
+
+## Benchmarking
+
+See [benchmark/CLAUDE.md](benchmark/CLAUDE.md) for benchmark usage, environment variables, and comparison workflows.
diff --git a/app/abci.go b/app/abci.go
index c967ac8b0b..052cfed37d 100644
--- a/app/abci.go
+++ b/app/abci.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func (app *App) EndBlock(ctx sdk.Context, height int64, blockGasUsed int64) (res
 	defer span.End()
 	ctx = ctx.WithTraceSpanContext(spanCtx)
 	defer telemetry.MeasureSince(time.Now(), "abci", "end_block")
-	ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager()).WithSkipGasKV()
 	defer telemetry.MeasureSince(time.Now(), "module", "total_end_block")
 	res.ValidatorUpdates = legacyabci.EndBlock(ctx, height, blockGasUsed, app.EndBlockKeepers)
 	res.Events = sdk.MarkEventsToIndex(ctx.EventManager().ABCIEvents(), app.IndexEvents)
diff --git a/app/app.go b/app/app.go
index 2a54075628..522d07d3cd 100644
--- a/app/app.go
+++ b/app/app.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
+	"math/big"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ import (
 	ethtypes "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient"
+	ethparams "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	ethrpc "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/giga/deps/tasks"
 
@@ -317,6 +319,36 @@ func GetWasmEnabledProposals() []wasm.ProposalType {
 // App extends an ABCI application, but with most of its parameters exported.
 // They are exported for convenience in creating helper functions, as object
 // capabilities aren't needed for testing.
+// gigaBlockCache holds block-constant values that are identical for all txs in a block.
+// Populated once before block execution, read-only during parallel execution, cleared after.
+type gigaBlockCache struct {
+	chainID     *big.Int
+	blockCtx    vm.BlockContext
+	chainConfig *ethparams.ChainConfig
+	baseFee     *big.Int
+	evmPool     *gigaexecutor.EVMPool
+}
+
+func newGigaBlockCache(ctx sdk.Context, keeper *gigaevmkeeper.Keeper) (*gigaBlockCache, error) {
+	chainID := keeper.ChainID(ctx)
+	gp := keeper.GetGasPool()
+	blockCtx, err := keeper.GetVMBlockContext(ctx, gp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sstore := keeper.GetParams(ctx).SeiSstoreSetGasEip2200
+	chainConfig := evmtypes.DefaultChainConfig().EthereumConfigWithSstore(chainID, &sstore)
+	baseFee := keeper.GetBaseFee(ctx)
+	evmPool := gigaexecutor.NewEVMPool(*blockCtx, chainConfig, vm.Config{}, gigaprecompiles.AllCustomPrecompilesFailFast)
+	return &gigaBlockCache{
+		chainID:     chainID,
+		blockCtx:    *blockCtx,
+		chainConfig: chainConfig,
+		baseFee:     baseFee,
+		evmPool:     evmPool,
+	}, nil
+}
+
 type App struct {
 	*baseapp.BaseApp
 
@@ -1371,6 +1403,14 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTxsSynchronousGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTx
 	ms := ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()
 	defer ms.Write()
 	ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+
+	// Cache block-level constants (identical for all txs in this block).
+	cache, cacheErr := newGigaBlockCache(ctx, &app.GigaEvmKeeper)
+	if cacheErr != nil {
+		ctx.Logger().Error("failed to build giga block cache", "error", cacheErr, "height", ctx.BlockHeight())
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	txResults := make([]*abci.ExecTxResult, len(txs))
 	for i, tx := range txs {
 		ctx = ctx.WithTxIndex(absoluteTxIndices[i])
@@ -1384,7 +1424,7 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTxsSynchronousGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTx
 		}
 
 		// Execute EVM transaction through giga executor
-		result, execErr := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg)
+		result, execErr := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg, cache)
 		if execErr != nil {
 			// Check if this is a fail-fast error (Cosmos precompile interop detected)
 			if gigautils.ShouldExecutionAbort(execErr) {
@@ -1542,15 +1582,24 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTxs []
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Create OCC scheduler with giga executor deliverTx.
+	// Run EVM txs against a cache so we can discard all changes on fallback.
+	evmCtx, evmCache := app.CacheContext(ctx)
+
+	// Cache block-level constants (identical for all txs in this block).
+	// Must use evmCtx (not ctx) because giga KV stores are registered in CacheContext.
+	cache, cacheErr := newGigaBlockCache(evmCtx, &app.GigaEvmKeeper)
+	if cacheErr != nil {
+		ctx.Logger().Error("failed to build giga block cache", "error", cacheErr, "height", ctx.BlockHeight())
+		return nil, ctx
+	}
+
+	// Create OCC scheduler with giga executor deliverTx capturing the cache.
 	evmScheduler := tasks.NewScheduler(
 		app.ConcurrencyWorkers(),
 		app.TracingInfo,
-		app.gigaDeliverTx,
+		app.makeGigaDeliverTx(cache),
 	)
 
-	// Run EVM txs against a cache so we can discard all changes on fallback.
-	evmCtx, evmCache := app.CacheContext(ctx)
 	evmBatchResult, evmSchedErr := evmScheduler.ProcessAll(evmCtx, evmEntries)
 	if evmSchedErr != nil {
 		// TODO: DeliverTxBatch panics in this case
@@ -1711,14 +1760,14 @@ func (app *App) ProcessBlock(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, req BlockProcessRequ
 
 // executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor executes a single EVM transaction using the giga executor.
 // The sender address is recovered directly from the transaction signature - no Cosmos SDK ante handlers needed.
-func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgEVMTransaction) (*abci.ExecTxResult, error) {
+func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgEVMTransaction, cache *gigaBlockCache) (*abci.ExecTxResult, error) {
 	// Get the Ethereum transaction from the message
 	ethTx, txData := msg.AsTransaction()
 	if ethTx == nil || txData == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert to eth transaction")
 	}
 
-	chainID := app.GigaEvmKeeper.ChainID(ctx)
+	chainID := cache.chainID
 
 	// Recover sender using the same logic as preprocess.go (version-based signer selection)
 	sender, seiAddr, pubkey, recoverErr := evmante.RecoverSenderFromEthTx(ctx, ethTx, chainID)
@@ -1740,34 +1789,23 @@ func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgE
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Prepare context for EVM transaction (set infinite gas meter like original flow)
-	ctx = ctx.WithGasMeter(sdk.NewInfiniteGasMeterWithMultiplier(ctx))
+	// Prepare context for EVM transaction (set infinite gas meter like original flow).
+	// Skip gaskv wrapping since gas metering is infinite - saves ~3GB allocs per 30s.
+	ctx = ctx.WithGasMeter(sdk.NewInfiniteGasMeterWithMultiplier(ctx)).WithSkipGasKV()
 
 	// Create state DB for this transaction
 	stateDB := gigaevmstate.NewDBImpl(ctx, &app.GigaEvmKeeper, false)
 	defer stateDB.Cleanup()
 
-	// Get gas pool
+	// Get gas pool (mutated per tx, cannot be cached)
 	gp := app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetGasPool()
 
-	// Get block context
-	blockCtx, blockCtxErr := app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetVMBlockContext(ctx, gp)
-	if blockCtxErr != nil {
-		return &abci.ExecTxResult{
-			Code: 1,
-			Log:  fmt.Sprintf("failed to get block context: %v", blockCtxErr),
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	// Get chain config
-	sstore := app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetParams(ctx).SeiSstoreSetGasEip2200
-	cfg := evmtypes.DefaultChainConfig().EthereumConfigWithSstore(app.GigaEvmKeeper.ChainID(ctx), &sstore)
-
-	// Create Giga executor VM
-	gigaExecutor := gigaexecutor.NewGethExecutor(*blockCtx, stateDB, cfg, vm.Config{}, gigaprecompiles.AllCustomPrecompilesFailFast)
+	// Get a pooled EVM executor (reuses EVM struct + interpreter + precompile maps)
+	gigaExecutor := cache.evmPool.GetExecutor(stateDB)
+	defer cache.evmPool.PutExecutor(gigaExecutor)
 
 	// Execute the transaction through giga VM
-	execResult, execErr := gigaExecutor.ExecuteTransaction(ethTx, sender, app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetBaseFee(ctx), &gp)
+	execResult, execErr := gigaExecutor.ExecuteTransaction(ethTx, sender, cache.baseFee, &gp)
 	if execErr != nil {
 		return &abci.ExecTxResult{
 			Code: 1,
@@ -1886,49 +1924,52 @@ func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgE
 }
 
 // gigaDeliverTx is the OCC-compatible deliverTx function for the giga executor.
-// The ctx.MultiStore() is already wrapped with VersionIndexedStore by the scheduler.
-func (app *App) gigaDeliverTx(ctx sdk.Context, req abci.RequestDeliverTxV2, tx sdk.Tx, checksum [32]byte) abci.ResponseDeliverTx {
-	defer func() {
-		if r := recover(); r != nil {
-			// OCC abort panics are expected - the scheduler uses them to detect conflicts
-			// and reschedule transactions. Don't log these as errors.
-			if _, isOCCAbort := r.(occ.Abort); !isOCCAbort {
-				ctx.Logger().Error("benchmark panic in gigaDeliverTx", "panic", r, "stack", string(debug.Stack()))
+// makeGigaDeliverTx returns an OCC-compatible deliverTx callback that captures the given
+// block cache, avoiding mutable state on App for cache lifecycle management.
+func (app *App) makeGigaDeliverTx(cache *gigaBlockCache) func(sdk.Context, abci.RequestDeliverTxV2, sdk.Tx, [32]byte) abci.ResponseDeliverTx {
+	return func(ctx sdk.Context, req abci.RequestDeliverTxV2, tx sdk.Tx, checksum [32]byte) abci.ResponseDeliverTx {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				// OCC abort panics are expected - the scheduler uses them to detect conflicts
+				// and reschedule transactions. Don't log these as errors.
+				if _, isOCCAbort := r.(occ.Abort); !isOCCAbort {
+					ctx.Logger().Error("benchmark panic in gigaDeliverTx", "panic", r, "stack", string(debug.Stack()))
+				}
 			}
-		}
-	}()
+		}()
 
-	evmMsg := app.GetEVMMsg(tx)
-	if evmMsg == nil {
-		return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: "not an EVM transaction"}
-	}
+		evmMsg := app.GetEVMMsg(tx)
+		if evmMsg == nil {
+			return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: "not an EVM transaction"}
+		}
 
-	result, err := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Check if this is a fail-fast error (Cosmos precompile interop detected)
-		if gigautils.ShouldExecutionAbort(err) {
-			// Return a sentinel response so the caller can fall back to v2.
-			return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
-				Code:      gigautils.GigaAbortCode,
-				Codespace: gigautils.GigaAbortCodespace,
-				Info:      gigautils.GigaAbortInfo,
-				Log:       "giga executor abort: fall back to v2",
+		result, err := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg, cache)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Check if this is a fail-fast error (Cosmos precompile interop detected)
+			if gigautils.ShouldExecutionAbort(err) {
+				// Return a sentinel response so the caller can fall back to v2.
+				return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
+					Code:      gigautils.GigaAbortCode,
+					Codespace: gigautils.GigaAbortCodespace,
+					Info:      gigautils.GigaAbortInfo,
+					Log:       "giga executor abort: fall back to v2",
+				}
 			}
-		}
 
-		return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: fmt.Sprintf("giga executor error: %v", err)}
-	}
+			return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: fmt.Sprintf("giga executor error: %v", err)}
+		}
 
-	return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
-		Code:      result.Code,
-		Data:      result.Data,
-		Log:       result.Log,
-		Info:      result.Info,
-		GasWanted: result.GasWanted,
-		GasUsed:   result.GasUsed,
-		Events:    result.Events,
-		Codespace: result.Codespace,
-		EvmTxInfo: result.EvmTxInfo,
+		return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
+			Code:      result.Code,
+			Data:      result.Data,
+			Log:       result.Log,
+			Info:      result.Info,
+			GasWanted: result.GasWanted,
+			GasUsed:   result.GasUsed,
+			Events:    result.Events,
+			Codespace: result.Codespace,
+			EvmTxInfo: result.EvmTxInfo,
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/app/benchmark/benchmark.go b/app/benchmark/benchmark.go
index 6d454f064b..05723059cd 100644
--- a/app/benchmark/benchmark.go
+++ b/app/benchmark/benchmark.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 //	proposalCh := gen.StartProposalChannel(ctx, benchLogger)
 //
 // The generator can be configured via JSON config files that follow the sei-load
-// LoadConfig format. See scripts/scenarios/ for example configurations.
+// LoadConfig format. See benchmark/scenarios/ for example configurations.
 package benchmark
 
 import (
diff --git a/app/benchmark_profiling.go b/app/benchmark_profiling.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5fa9f3191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/benchmark_profiling.go
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//go:build benchmark
+
+package app
+
+import "runtime"
+
+func init() {
+	// Enable block profiling: record blocking events lasting 1us or longer.
+	// Lower values capture more events but add overhead that can skew TPS.
+	// This lets /debug/pprof/block show time spent waiting on channels and mutexes.
+	runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(1000)
+
+	// Enable mutex contention profiling: sample 1 in 5 contention events.
+	// Full capture (fraction=1) adds measurable overhead; 1/5 is a good balance.
+	// This lets /debug/pprof/mutex show where goroutines contend on locks.
+	runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(5)
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..677e74666a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# Benchmark
+
+## Pre-run analysis check
+
+Before running `benchmark.sh` or `benchmark-compare.sh`, read any relevant docs in `benchmark/analysis/` for the target function or path first. This keeps each run tied to prior findings and reduces repeated experimentation.
+
+```bash
+ls benchmark/analysis/*.md
+```
+
+For example, for `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`, review:
+
+```bash
+sed -n '1,220p' benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
+```
+
+Use the analysis notes to define your baseline, expected bottlenecks, and pass/fail criteria before launching a new benchmark.
+
+## Single scenario
+
+```bash
+GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true benchmark/benchmark.sh
+```
+
+By default, the benchmark runs for `DURATION=120` seconds, auto-captures all 6 profile types, extracts TPS stats, and exits. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/pprof/`, TPS data to `/tmp/sei-bench/tps.txt`, and the full log to `/tmp/sei-bench/output.log`.
+
+Use `DURATION=0` to run forever (manual capture, original behavior).
+
+TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). For manual extraction:
+
+```bash
+sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' /tmp/sei-bench/output.log | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
+```
+
+Available scenarios in `benchmark/scenarios/`: `evm.json` (default), `erc20.json`, `mixed.json`, `default.json`.
+
+```bash
+# Use a different scenario
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json benchmark/benchmark.sh
+```
+
+## Environment variables
+
+### benchmark.sh
+
+| Var | Default | Purpose |
+|-----|---------|---------|
+| `BENCHMARK_PHASE` | `all` | `init` (build+init+configure), `start` (run node), `all` (both) |
+| `SEI_HOME` | `$HOME/.sei` | Final chain data dir. Init uses a temp staging dir, then moves here |
+| `PORT_OFFSET` | `0` | Added to all ports (RPC, P2P, pprof, gRPC, etc.) |
+| `SEID_BIN` | `""` | Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build step |
+| `LOG_FILE` | `""` | Redirect seid output to file |
+| `BENCHMARK_CONFIG` | `$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json` | Scenario config file (absolute path resolved from script location) |
+| `BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH` | `1000` | Transactions per batch |
+| `GIGA_EXECUTOR` | `false` | Enable evmone-based EVM executor |
+| `GIGA_OCC` | `false` | Enable OCC for Giga Executor |
+| `DB_BACKEND` | `goleveldb` | Database backend (goleveldb, memdb, cleveldb, rocksdb) |
+| `MOCK_BALANCES` | `true` | Use mock balances during benchmark |
+| `DISABLE_INDEXER` | `true` | Disable indexer for benchmark (reduces I/O overhead) |
+| `DEBUG` | `false` | Print all log output without filtering |
+| `DURATION` | `120` | Auto-stop after N seconds (0 = run forever) |
+
+### benchmark-compare.sh
+
+Inherits all benchmark.sh vars via delegation. Additionally:
+
+| Var | Default | Purpose |
+|-----|---------|---------|
+| `DURATION` | `120` | How long (seconds) to run each node before stopping |
+| `GIGA_EXECUTOR` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
+| `GIGA_OCC` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
+| `DB_BACKEND` | `goleveldb` | Forwarded to build and init phases |
+| `RUN_ID` | `$$` (PID) | Namespaces `BASE_DIR` as `/tmp/sei-bench-${RUN_ID}/` |
+| `RUN_PORT_OFFSET` | auto-claimed | Added to all per-scenario port offsets (auto-claimed via atomic `mkdir` slots) |
+
+**Note:** `GIGA_EXECUTOR` and `GIGA_OCC` default to `true` in the compare script but `false` in benchmark.sh. The compare script is designed for performance comparison where Giga Executor is typically enabled.
+
+## Parallel multi-scenario comparison
+
+Use `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh` to run multiple git commits side-by-side (minimum 2 scenarios required):
+
+```bash
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh \
+  pre-opt=fd2e28d74 \
+  lazy-cms=82acf458d \
+  lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
+```
+
+Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Results are printed at the end with median/avg/min/max TPS. Raw data in `/tmp/sei-bench-<PID>/<label>/tps.txt`.
+
+### Running multiple comparisons concurrently
+
+Port offsets are auto-claimed, so the simplest parallel usage is just:
+
+```bash
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 opt=def456 &
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 fix=789abc &
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 alt=aabbcc &
+```
+
+Each instance gets its own `RUN_ID` (PID), `BASE_DIR`, and port range. No coordination needed.
+
+Manual override is available if needed:
+
+```bash
+RUN_PORT_OFFSET=0    benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 opt=def456 &
+RUN_PORT_OFFSET=1000 benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 fix=789abc &
+```
+
+## Comparing results across sessions
+
+**Important:** Cross-session benchmark numbers (TPS, total allocs) are not directly comparable. Only comparisons within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run are valid, since all scenarios share identical conditions.
+
+## Profiling
+
+### Available profile types
+
+Both `benchmark.sh` (when `DURATION > 0`) and `benchmark-compare.sh` automatically capture all profile types midway through the run. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/pprof/` (single-scenario) or `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/` (compare).
+
+| Profile | File | What it shows |
+|---------|------|---------------|
+| CPU | `cpu.pb.gz` | On-CPU time only (computation, hashing, EVM execution) |
+| fgprof | `fgprof.pb.gz` | Wall-clock time: on-CPU + off-CPU (I/O, blocking, GC pauses) |
+| Heap | `heap.pb.gz` | Memory allocations (analyzable with multiple metrics, see below) |
+| Goroutine | `goroutine.pb.gz` | Goroutine stacks (find pileups and leaks) |
+| Block | `block.pb.gz` | Time waiting on channel ops and mutex locks |
+| Mutex | `mutex.pb.gz` | Mutex contention (where goroutines fight over locks) |
+
+**CPU vs fgprof:** Go's built-in CPU profiler uses OS-level `SIGPROF` signals delivered only to running threads — goroutines waiting on I/O, channels, or locks are invisible. fgprof samples all goroutines via `runtime.GoroutineProfile` regardless of scheduling state, showing the full wall-clock picture. Use CPU when you suspect pure computation is the bottleneck; use fgprof when TPS is low but CPU utilization is also low (points to I/O or contention).
+
+**Block and mutex profiles** require `runtime.SetBlockProfileRate` and `runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction` to be enabled. Both are automatically enabled when seid is built with the `benchmark` build tag (`make install-bench`). They are disabled in production builds.
+
+### Capturing profiles during single-scenario runs
+
+When `DURATION > 0` (default), `benchmark.sh` automatically captures all 6 profile types midway through the run. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/pprof/`.
+
+When `DURATION=0` (run-forever mode), capture manually in another terminal:
+
+```bash
+PPROF_PORT=6060  # adjust with PORT_OFFSET if set
+
+# 30-second CPU profile
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30"
+
+# 30-second fgprof (wall-clock)
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/fgprof?seconds=30"
+
+# Heap snapshot
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/heap"
+
+# Goroutine dump
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/goroutine"
+
+# Block profile
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/block"
+
+# Mutex contention
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/mutex"
+```
+
+### Comparing profiles (diff)
+
+Always use `pprof -diff_base` to compare profiles between benchmark runs. Never compare profiles side-by-side manually.
+
+```bash
+# CPU diff (positive = regression, negative = improvement)
+go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+
+# Wall-clock diff (fgprof)
+go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz
+
+# Allocation diff (total bytes allocated over time)
+go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz
+
+# Heap escape diff (objects that should be stack-allocated)
+go tool pprof -alloc_objects -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz
+```
+
+### Heap profile metrics
+
+The heap profile contains multiple metrics. Choose the right one for your question:
+
+| Metric | Flag | Use when |
+|--------|------|----------|
+| Active memory | `-inuse_space` | Finding memory leaks or high RSS |
+| Active objects | `-inuse_objects` | Finding what's holding memory right now |
+| Total allocated bytes | `-alloc_space` | Finding hot allocation paths (GC pressure) |
+| Total allocated objects | `-alloc_objects` | Finding heap escapes (objects that should live on the stack) |
+
+### Interactive analysis and flamegraphs
+
+Text output (`-top`) is useful for quick comparisons, but the web UI with flamegraphs is far more effective for navigating large profiles.
+
+```bash
+# Interactive web UI with flamegraphs
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+
+# Diff flamegraph (red = regression, blue = improvement)
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+```
+
+For drilling into specific functions, use the interactive CLI:
+
+```bash
+go tool pprof /tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+(pprof) top20 --cum          # sort by cumulative time (default flat hides expensive callees)
+(pprof) list DeliverTx       # line-by-line source attribution
+(pprof) web DeliverTx        # SVG graph focused on one function's callers/callees
+```
+
+Run `go tool pprof` from the sei-chain repo root so that `list` and `web` commands can resolve source file paths.
+
+## Optimization loop
+
+Full iteration cycle for profiling, optimizing, and validating performance changes:
+
+1. **Profile:** Run `benchmark/benchmark.sh` (auto-captures all 6 profile types, extracts TPS, exits)
+2. **Analyze:** Read the relevant entry in `benchmark/analysis/` for context, then inspect profiles with `go tool pprof -top -cum /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` (repeat for fgprof, heap with `-alloc_space`, goroutine, block, mutex)
+3. **Flamegraphs:** Open interactive UIs for cpu, fgprof, and heap on separate ports: `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`, `go tool pprof -http=:8081 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`, `go tool pprof -http=:8082 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
+4. **Summarize:** Present findings to user — biggest bottleneck, candidate optimizations, expected impact, and trade-offs
+5. **Discuss:** Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue before writing any code. The user picks the approach or suggests an alternative
+6. **Implement:** Make the optimization, commit
+7. **Compare:** Run `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<before-commit> candidate=<after-commit>`
+8. **Validate:** Open diff flamegraphs for the user (`go tool pprof -http=:808X -diff_base <baseline> <candidate> &` for cpu, fgprof, heap). Present a CLI summary of TPS delta and profile regressions/improvements. Ask the user whether to open a PR
+9. **PR** if user approves
diff --git a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b12e20e86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# Decision Log: executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor Optimization Direction
+
+## Date
+
+2026-02-13
+
+## Objective
+
+Pick a concrete optimization direction for `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` and validate whether it produces a meaningful TPS gain before implementing changes.
+
+## Status update
+
+- The sync.Map-to-plain-map cachekv change (`0244baf53...`, previously recorded as `87c97e7b2...` in earlier notes) is now formally closed.
+- The branch now contains commit `a8e96318d` reverting that change.
+- Reason: 300s benchmark evidence remained within noise (`~+0.5%` to `~+0.7%`, high variance, mixed deltas), so we did not retain the optimization in-tree.
+- Current active code has returned to the previous sync.Map state with pool-based optimization already reverted.
+
+### Pool-change history reference (preserved)
+
+- The earlier pool experiment commit is `dbd6ad52ff10e003bed8ba2b5744f39b867fb876`.
+- It was reverted by `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb`.
+- This run keeps `dbd6...` reverted and evaluates the later map-based candidate against that reverted baseline.
+
+### What was actually optimized in this run
+
+- The comparison targeted one concrete code change: commit `0244baf53...` (`giga/deps/store/cachekv.go`) changed from `sync.Map` + `sync.Map`-based deleted tracking to regular maps (`map[string]*types.CValue` and `map[string]struct{}`), with mutex protection added around map access.
+- The baseline commit `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb` is the direct predecessor where `cachekv.Store` pooling (`sync.Pool`) was reverted, so this run specifically tests the map-vs-pool design for giga cachekv in the existing snapshot/cache-heavy execution path.
+- No additional optimization passes were applied during this validation pass beyond the above candidate-vs-baseline diff.
+
+### Closure decision
+
+- `0244baf53...` is no longer part of this branch; it was reverted by `a8e96318d` after the validation pass due insufficient signal.
+
+## What we committed to in this validation pass
+
+- **Approach chosen:** validate candidate vs baseline through a statistically informed benchmark pass, not implementation.
+- **Scope kept constant:**
+  - scenario: `benchmark/scenarios/evm.json`
+  - flags: `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=1000`
+  - duration: `DURATION=300`
+  - artifacts: TPS + `pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}` for both branches
+
+## Candidate selected for check
+
+- Baseline: `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb`
+- Candidate: `0244baf53...`
+
+## Method used
+
+1. Run `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<baseline> candidate=<candidate>`.
+2. Capture paired TPS series from `/tmp/sei-bench/baseline/tps.txt` and `/tmp/sei-bench/candidate/tps.txt`.
+3. Compute paired deltas and t-stat to avoid overreading one-run medians.
+4. Generate focused profile diffs for the execute function path:
+   - `cpu.pb.gz` (cum and focus)
+   - `fgprof.pb.gz` (cum and focus)
+   - `heap.pb.gz` (alloc-space cum diff)
+
+## Execution result
+
+- Run300 outcomes:
+  - baseline median/avg: `6200 / 6116`
+  - candidate median/avg: `6200 / 6155`
+  - paired mean delta: `+40.4`
+  - non-positive deltas: `35.0%`
+  - t-stat: `~0.377`
+- Run301 outcomes:
+  - baseline median/avg: `6479 / 6404`
+  - candidate median/avg: `6599 / 6436`
+  - paired mean delta: `+27.2`
+  - non-positive deltas: `45.8%`
+  - t-stat: `~0.180`
+
+### Decision
+
+- **No clear sustained optimization win was proven**.
+- Mean TPS lift looked small and noisy (`~+0.5%` to `~+0.7%`), with mixed per-interval direction and high variance.
+- The result is **not a go/no-go signal** for code changes yet.
+
+### Profile outcome
+
+- Focused diffs on `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` were mixed and low-magnitude overall.
+- No single, obvious path improvement dominated CPU/fgprof deltas.
+- Heap diffs showed meaningful churn in `sync.Map`/`HashTrieMap` and store-write internals (`newEntryNode`, `newIndirectNode`, `cachekv`, `cachemulti`), consistent with prior hotspot theory but still not resolved into a stable net gain.
+
+## Artifacts captured this pass
+
+- `/tmp/sei-bench-rep-run300.log`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench-rep-run301.log`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/baseline/tps.txt`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/candidate/tps.txt`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz`
+- `/tmp/candidate_cpu_focus_execute_301.txt`
+- `/tmp/candidate_cpu_cum_executeevm_301.txt`
+- `/tmp/candidate_fgprof_cum_executeevm_301.txt`
+- `/tmp/candidate_heap_alloc_cum_executeevm_301.txt`
+
+## Next-direction guidance (to avoid redoing this iteration)
+
+Before the next benchmark run, define one **single** optimization direction and a pass/fail rule:
+
+- **Direction A (snapshot/store allocation reduction):** implement one proposed change, then require at least 2 fresh `DURATION=300` compare runs where paired mean delta is positive and statistically stronger than noise.
+- **Direction B (sync.Map alternatives):** benchmark after implementation with same flags and scripts.
+- **Direction C (small constant-caching tweaks):** run as a lower-risk follow-up only after A/B are validated, since expected gain is small.
+
+### Suggested acceptance rule per direction
+
+- minimum 2 runs
+- consistent median/average gain direction
+- nonpositive paired deltas should be materially below 25%
+- clear improvement in focused `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` path in either CPU cum or fgprof cum profile
+- no regressions in lock, goroutine, or mutex profiles that exceed previous baseline risk thresholds
diff --git a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2583c17ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# Profiling Analysis: executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor
+
+**Date:** 2026-02-13
+**Branch:** pd/benchmark-profiling-improvements
+**Function:** `github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/app.(*App).executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`
+**Scenario:** `benchmark/scenarios/evm.json`
+**Config:** `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DURATION=300 BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=1000`
+
+## Benchmark Experiment Note
+
+The latest 300s compare run and its outcome are tracked separately in:
+`benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md`.
+
+The plain-map giga cachekv experiment was not retained. It was reverted in commit `a8e96318d` after validation showed the TPS delta was within noise.
+
+## Historical baseline (DURATION=120)
+
+Prior detailed investigation with shorter duration identified Snapshot + cache-store materialization as a major allocation and contention hotspot.
+
+## Baseline
+
+| Metric | Value |
+|--------|-------|
+| Median TPS | 8600 |
+| Avg TPS | 8495 |
+| Min TPS | 7800 |
+| Max TPS | 9000 |
+| Readings | 21 |
+| Block Height | 995 |
+
+## Function Hot Path
+
+```
+executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor (app/app.go:1714)
+  ├─ msg.AsTransaction()
+  ├─ RecoverSenderFromEthTx()          — ECDSA recovery
+  ├─ GetEVMAddress() / AssociateAddresses()
+  ├─ NewDBImpl()                       — allocates state DB + initial Snapshot
+  │   └─ Snapshot()                    — clones entire CacheMultiStore
+  ├─ GetVMBlockContext()
+  ├─ GetParams() + ChainID() (x2)     — redundant: ChainID called at lines 1721 and 1764
+  ├─ NewGethExecutor() → vm.NewEVM()  — new EVM per tx
+  ├─ ExecuteTransaction()
+  │   └─ ApplyMessage() → StateTransition.Execute()
+  │       └─ EVM.Call() — may trigger additional Snapshot() calls
+  ├─ stateDB.Finalize()               — flushCtxs → cachekv.Store.Write
+  ├─ WriteReceipt()
+  └─ Marshal response (protobuf)
+```
+
+## CPU Profile (30s sample, 120.21s total across 4 cores)
+
+`executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`: **25.95s cumulative (21.6%)**
+
+| Component | Cumulative | % of total | Notes |
+|-----------|-----------|------------|-------|
+| runtime.lock2 (spinlock) | 36.87s | 30.7% | OCC goroutines fighting for locks |
+| runtime.usleep (lock backoff) | 30.00s | 25.0% | Spinning on contended locks |
+| ExecuteTransaction → ApplyMessage | 15.31s | 12.7% | Actual EVM execution |
+| GC (gcDrain + scanobject) | 17.15s + 11.49s | 23.8% | Driven by allocation pressure |
+| mallocgc | 11.42s | 9.5% | Object allocation |
+| runtime.kevent | 10.38s | 8.6% | I/O polling |
+
+### CPU Focused on executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor
+
+Top flat contributors within the function's call tree:
+
+| Function | Flat | Notes |
+|----------|------|-------|
+| runtime.usleep | 4.95s | Lock spinning inside store operations |
+| runtime.cgocall | 3.09s | CGo boundary (likely crypto) |
+| runtime.mallocgc | 6.31s | Allocation pressure from stores |
+| runtime.newobject | 3.72s | Heap allocations |
+| memiavl.MemNode.Get | 1.00s | IAVL tree reads |
+| cachekv.Store.Write | 1.03s | Flushing cache stores |
+| cachemulti.newCacheMultiStoreFromCMS | 1.22s | CMS creation during Snapshot |
+
+## Heap Profile (alloc_space)
+
+`executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`: **56.2 GB cumulative (54% of 104 GB total)**
+
+| Hotspot | Allocated | % of function | What |
+|---------|----------|--------------|------|
+| DBImpl.Snapshot → CacheMultiStore | 15.1 GB | 27% | Full cache store clone per snapshot |
+| cachekv.NewStore | 9.0 GB | 16% | Individual KV store objects (sync.Map x2-3) |
+| sync.newIndirectNode (sync.Map internals) | 7.8 GB | 14% | sync.Map internal trie nodes |
+| cachekv.Store.Write | 8.4 GB | 15% | Flushing stores (map iteration + write) |
+| DBImpl.Finalize → flushCtxs | 9.7 GB | 17% | Writing state changes back through layers |
+| GetBalance → LockedCoins | 9.0 GB | 16% | Balance lookups triggering deep store reads |
+| AccountKeeper.GetAccount | 7.2 GB | 13% | Account deserialization (protobuf UnpackAny) |
+| scheduler.prepareTask | 8.8 GB | 16% | OCC task preparation (VersionIndexedStore) |
+
+### Allocation Objects
+
+| Hotspot | Objects | % of total | Notes |
+|---------|---------|------------|-------|
+| cachekv.NewStore | 157M | 10.2% | Largest single flat allocator |
+| cachekv.Store.Write | 83M | 5.4% | Map iteration during flush |
+| codec/types.UnpackAny | 134M | 8.7% | Protobuf deserialization |
+| DBImpl.Snapshot | 137M | 8.9% | CMS + maps + sync primitives |
+
+## Mutex/Contention Profile (196s total)
+
+| Source | Time | % | What |
+|--------|------|---|------|
+| runtime.unlock | 159s | 81% | Runtime-level lock contention |
+| sync.Mutex.Unlock | 29s | 15% | Application mutex contention |
+| sync.RWMutex.Unlock | 19s | 10% | Reader-writer lock contention |
+| AccAddress.String | 10.6s | 5% | Bech32 encoding under lock |
+| EventManager.EmitEvents | 9.9s | 5% | Event emission contention |
+| sync.Map.Store (HashTrieMap.Swap) | 6.9s | 4% | sync.Map write contention |
+
+## Block Profile (7.26 hrs total)
+
+Dominated by `runtime.selectgo` (6.97 hrs / 96%) — the OCC scheduler's `select` loop waiting for tasks. Not actionable for this function.
+
+## Key Findings
+
+### 1. CacheMultiStore allocation is the #1 optimization target
+
+Each `Snapshot()` call triggers `CacheMultiStore()` which:
+- Materializes ALL lazy module stores (not just ones the tx touches)
+- Creates `cachekv.NewStore` with 2-3 `sync.Map` objects per module store
+- Creates `gigacachekv.NewStore` with 2 `sync.Map` objects per giga store
+- Allocates map copies, sync.RWMutex, sync.Once per CMS
+
+This happens at minimum once per tx (NewDBImpl's initial Snapshot), plus additional times for nested EVM calls. OCC re-executions create entirely fresh chains.
+
+### 2. GC overhead is a direct consequence of allocation pressure
+
+17s of CPU on `gcDrain` + 11.5s on `scanobject` = ~24% of CPU spent on GC. The 104 GB of total allocations over 30s creates enormous GC pressure. Reducing allocations in the Snapshot path would have a compounding effect.
+
+### 3. Lock contention is high but may be secondary
+
+`runtime.lock2` at 30.7% is the #1 CPU consumer. Much of this is runtime-internal (GC, scheduler) and would decrease naturally if allocation pressure drops. Some is from `sync.Map` operations and store-level mutexes.
+
+### 4. ChainID() and DefaultChainConfig() called redundantly
+
+`ChainID()` is called at lines 1721 and 1764. `DefaultChainConfig()` is called inside `RecoverSenderFromEthTx` and again implicitly at line 1764. Minor but free to fix.
+
+## Candidate Optimizations (historical proposals)
+
+These options are historical hypotheses from earlier profiling; they are preserved for planning and were **not all implemented** in the current branch run.
+
+### A. Pool/reuse cachekv.Store objects (high impact)
+
+Replace fresh `cachekv.NewStore` allocations with `sync.Pool` recycling. On return to pool, call `sync.Map.Clear()` (Go 1.23+) to reset state. Eliminates ~9 GB of allocations + reduces GC.
+
+**Expected impact:** 10-20% TPS improvement
+**Risk:** Low — mechanical change, clear lifecycle boundaries
+
+### B. Lazy per-store creation in snapshots (high impact)
+
+Currently `materializeOnce.Do` creates cachekv.Store for ALL module stores when any snapshot is taken. Instead, create wrappers only for stores actually accessed via GetKVStore.
+
+**Expected impact:** 10-15% TPS improvement (depends on how many stores are unused per tx)
+**Risk:** Medium — changes cachemulti.Store threading model
+
+### C. Replace sync.Map with regular map in giga cachekv (medium impact)
+
+The giga `cachekv.Store` uses `sync.Map` but within OCC, each store belongs to a single goroutine's execution. Regular maps are ~10x cheaper to allocate and access.
+
+Tested in this pass as `0244baf53...`, then reverted in `a8e96318d` because gains were not statistically robust.
+
+**Expected impact:** 5-10% TPS improvement
+**Risk:** Low — need to verify no concurrent access in OCC path
+
+### D. Cache block-level constants per-tx (low impact)
+
+Cache `ChainID()`, `DefaultChainConfig()`, `GetParams()`, `EthereumConfigWithSstore()` at block level instead of computing per-tx.
+
+**Expected impact:** 2-5% TPS improvement
+**Risk:** Minimal
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..640a452242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# benchmark-compare.sh — Run multiple git commits as benchmarks in parallel
+#
+# Usage:
+#   benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]
+#
+# Example:
+#   benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh \
+#     pre-opt=fd2e28d74 \
+#     lazy-cms=82acf458d \
+#     lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
+#
+# Each scenario gets its own seid binary, data dir, port set, and log file.
+# Init is sequential (fast, uses mktemp staging). Run is parallel.
+# After DURATION seconds (default 600), all nodes stop and TPS stats are printed.
+#
+# Environment variables (same as benchmark.sh):
+#   GIGA_EXECUTOR=true/false  (default: true)
+#   GIGA_OCC=true/false       (default: true)
+#   BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH   (default: 1000)
+#   DURATION                   (default: 600 seconds)
+#   BENCHMARK_CONFIG           (default: benchmark/scenarios/evm.json)
+#   RUN_ID                     (default: $$ PID — namespaces BASE_DIR)
+#   RUN_PORT_OFFSET            (default: auto-claimed slot — added to all port offsets)
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+
+GIGA_EXECUTOR=${GIGA_EXECUTOR:-true}
+GIGA_OCC=${GIGA_OCC:-true}
+BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
+DURATION=${DURATION:-120}
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json"}
+DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
+RUN_ID=${RUN_ID:-$$}
+BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench-${RUN_ID}"
+
+# Auto-claim a port offset slot using atomic mkdir if not explicitly set
+PORT_SLOT_DIR=""
+if [ -z "${RUN_PORT_OFFSET+x}" ]; then
+  for slot in $(seq 0 29); do
+    if mkdir "/tmp/sei-bench-port-slot-${slot}" 2>/dev/null; then
+      RUN_PORT_OFFSET=$((slot * 1000))
+      PORT_SLOT_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench-port-slot-${slot}"
+      break
+    fi
+  done
+  if [ -z "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Could not claim a port offset slot (all 30 slots in use)"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+else
+  RUN_PORT_OFFSET=${RUN_PORT_OFFSET}
+fi
+
+if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
+  echo "Usage: $0 <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]"
+  echo ""
+  echo "Example:"
+  echo "  DURATION=600 $0 pre-opt=fd2e28d74 lazy-cms=82acf458d fix=37a17fd02"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Parse arguments
+LABELS=()
+COMMITS=()
+for arg in "$@"; do
+  label="${arg%%=*}"
+  commit="${arg##*=}"
+  if [ "$label" = "$commit" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Invalid argument '$arg'. Use format label=commit"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  LABELS=("${LABELS[@]}" "$label")
+  COMMITS=("${COMMITS[@]}" "$commit")
+done
+
+NUM=${#LABELS[@]}
+
+echo "=== Parallel Benchmark Comparison ==="
+echo "  Scenarios:        $NUM"
+echo "  Duration:         ${DURATION}s"
+echo "  GIGA_EXECUTOR:    $GIGA_EXECUTOR"
+echo "  GIGA_OCC:         $GIGA_OCC"
+echo "  TXS_PER_BATCH:    $BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH"
+echo "  RUN_ID:           $RUN_ID"
+echo "  RUN_PORT_OFFSET:  $RUN_PORT_OFFSET"
+echo "  BASE_DIR:         $BASE_DIR"
+echo ""
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  echo "  [$((i+1))] ${LABELS[$i]} = ${COMMITS[$i]}"
+done
+echo ""
+
+WORKTREE_DIRS=()
+
+cleanup() {
+  echo ""
+  echo "Cleaning up..."
+  for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+    label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+    pkill -f "seid-${label}" 2>/dev/null || true
+  done
+  sleep 2
+  # Remove any leftover worktrees
+  for wt in "${WORKTREE_DIRS[@]}"; do
+    if [ -d "$wt" ]; then
+      git -C "$REPO_ROOT" worktree remove --force "$wt" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+  done
+  # Release port slot lock
+  if [ -n "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" ] && [ -d "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" ]; then
+    rmdir "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
+  fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 1: Build all binaries (sequential, Go cache helps)
+# ============================================================
+echo "=== Phase 1: Building binaries ==="
+rm -rf "$BASE_DIR"
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  commit="${COMMITS[$i]}"
+  mkdir -p "$BASE_DIR/$label"
+
+  WORKTREE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/$label/worktree"
+  echo -n "  Building [$label] from ${commit}... "
+  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" worktree add --detach "$WORKTREE_DIR" "$commit" 2>/dev/null
+  WORKTREE_DIRS=("${WORKTREE_DIRS[@]}" "$WORKTREE_DIR")
+
+  # Forward DB_BACKEND build tags if needed
+  BUILD_TAGS=""
+  case "$DB_BACKEND" in
+    cleveldb) BUILD_TAGS="cleveldb" ;;
+    rocksdb)  BUILD_TAGS="rocksdb" ;;
+  esac
+
+  GOBIN_DIR="$BASE_DIR/$label/bin"
+  mkdir -p "$GOBIN_DIR"
+  if [ -n "$BUILD_TAGS" ]; then
+    GOBIN="$GOBIN_DIR" COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make -C "$WORKTREE_DIR" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+  else
+    GOBIN="$GOBIN_DIR" make -C "$WORKTREE_DIR" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+  fi
+  mv "$GOBIN_DIR/seid" "$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  rm -rf "$GOBIN_DIR"
+
+  echo "done"
+done
+# Worktrees are kept alive — the seid binary's @rpath references libwasmvm.dylib
+# inside the worktree. The EXIT trap cleans them up when the script finishes.
+echo ""
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 2: Initialize chains (sequential — delegates to benchmark.sh)
+# ============================================================
+echo "=== Phase 2: Initializing chains ==="
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  seid="$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  home_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/data"
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
+
+  echo -n "  Initializing [$label]... "
+
+  BENCHMARK_PHASE=init \
+  SEI_HOME="$home_dir" \
+  SEID_BIN="$seid" \
+  PORT_OFFSET="$port_offset" \
+  GIGA_EXECUTOR="$GIGA_EXECUTOR" \
+  GIGA_OCC="$GIGA_OCC" \
+  DB_BACKEND="$DB_BACKEND" \
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG="$BENCHMARK_CONFIG" \
+  BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH="$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH" \
+  DISABLE_INDEXER=true \
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/benchmark.sh" > /dev/null 2>&1
+
+  RPC=$((26657 + port_offset))
+  PPROF=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  echo "done (RPC=$RPC pprof=$PPROF)"
+done
+echo ""
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 3: Run all nodes in parallel (delegates to benchmark.sh)
+# ============================================================
+echo "=== Phase 3: Starting $NUM nodes (duration: ${DURATION}s) ==="
+NODE_PIDS=()
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  seid="$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  home_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/data"
+  log_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/output.log"
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
+
+  BENCHMARK_PHASE=start \
+  DURATION=0 \
+  SEI_HOME="$home_dir" \
+  BASE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/$label" \
+  SEID_BIN="$seid" \
+  PORT_OFFSET="$port_offset" \
+  LOG_FILE="$log_file" \
+  DEBUG=true \
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG="$BENCHMARK_CONFIG" \
+  BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH="$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH" \
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/benchmark.sh" &
+  pid=$!
+  NODE_PIDS=("${NODE_PIDS[@]}" $pid)
+  echo "  [$label] PID=$pid log=$log_file"
+done
+echo ""
+echo "Running for ${DURATION}s..."
+
+# Wait until midway, then capture pprof profiles
+PPROF_WAIT=$(( DURATION / 2 ))
+echo "  Waiting ${PPROF_WAIT}s before capturing pprof profiles..."
+sleep "$PPROF_WAIT" || true
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Capturing profiles (30s CPU + 30s fgprof + heap + goroutine + block + mutex) ==="
+set +e
+PROFILE_CAPTURE_START=$(date +%s)
+
+# Capture CPU across all nodes first, then fgprof, then remaining profiles.
+# CPU and fgprof cannot run together on the same process.
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
+  PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
+  mkdir -p "$profile_dir"
+
+  # CPU profile (30s) — on-CPU time only
+  echo "  [$label] capturing cpu"
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz"
+done
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
+  PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
+
+  # fgprof (30s) — wall-clock time (on-CPU + off-CPU/I/O/blocking)
+  echo "  [$label] capturing fgprof"
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/fgprof.pb.gz"
+done
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
+  PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
+
+  echo "  [$label] capturing heap/goroutine/block/mutex"
+
+  # Heap snapshot
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz"
+
+  # Goroutine dump
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/goroutine.pb.gz"
+
+  # Block profile (time waiting on channels/mutexes)
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/block?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/block.pb.gz"
+
+  # Mutex contention profile
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/mutex?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/mutex.pb.gz"
+
+  echo "  [$label] capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $profile_dir/"
+done
+
+echo "  profile capture complete."
+
+set -e
+
+PROFILE_CAPTURE_END=$(date +%s)
+PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS=$(( PROFILE_CAPTURE_END - PROFILE_CAPTURE_START ))
+
+# Verify profile sizes
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
+  cpu_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  fgprof_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/fgprof.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  heap_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  goroutine_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/goroutine.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  block_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/block.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  mutex_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/mutex.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  echo "  [$label] cpu=${cpu_size}B fgprof=${fgprof_size}B heap=${heap_size}B goroutine=${goroutine_size}B block=${block_size}B mutex=${mutex_size}B"
+done
+
+# Wait remaining time
+REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS ))
+if [ "$REMAINING" -gt 0 ]; then
+  echo ""
+  echo "  Continuing benchmark for ${REMAINING}s..."
+  sleep "$REMAINING" || true
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "Stopping all nodes..."
+for pid in "${NODE_PIDS[@]}"; do
+  kill "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+done
+sleep 3
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 4: Results
+# ============================================================
+echo ""
+echo "======================================================="
+echo "=== Benchmark Comparison Results (${DURATION}s run) ==="
+echo "======================================================="
+echo ""
+
+PYTHON_CMD=python3
+if ! command -v $PYTHON_CMD &> /dev/null; then
+    PYTHON_CMD=python
+fi
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  commit="${COMMITS[$i]}"
+  log_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/output.log"
+  tps_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/tps.txt"
+
+  # Extract TPS (strip ANSI codes)
+  sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$log_file" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p' > "$tps_file"
+
+  HEIGHT=$(sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$log_file" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*height=\([0-9]*\).*/\1/p' | tail -1)
+
+  STATS=$(sort -n "$tps_file" | awk '
+    NR>3 && $1>1000 {
+      sum += $1; count++
+      a[count] = $1
+    }
+    END {
+      if (count == 0) { printf "NO DATA"; exit }
+      median = (count % 2 == 1) ? a[int(count/2)+1] : (a[int(count/2)] + a[int(count/2)+1]) / 2
+      printf "Readings: %d | Median: %.0f | Avg: %.0f | Min: %.0f | Max: %.0f", \
+        count, median, sum/count, a[1], a[count]
+    }')
+
+  echo "[$label] (${commit})"
+  echo "  Height: ${HEIGHT:-N/A}"
+  echo "  $STATS"
+  echo ""
+done
+
+echo "Raw data:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/tps.txt"
+echo "Full logs: $BASE_DIR/<label>/output.log"
+echo "Profiles:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz"
+echo ""
+echo "Compare CPU (on-CPU only):"
+echo "  go tool pprof -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"
+echo "Compare wall-clock (on-CPU + off-CPU/I/O):"
+echo "  go tool pprof -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz"
+echo "Compare allocs:"
+echo "  go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz"
+echo "Interactive flamegraph (pick any profile):"
+echo "  go tool pprof -http=:8080 -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark.sh b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..279f9fea00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# require success for commands
+set -e
+
+# Parse command line arguments
+MOCK_BALANCES=${MOCK_BALANCES:-true}
+GIGA_EXECUTOR=${GIGA_EXECUTOR:-false}
+GIGA_OCC=${GIGA_OCC:-false}
+BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
+DISABLE_INDEXER=${DISABLE_INDEXER:-true}
+# Debug mode - if true, prints all log output without filtering
+DEBUG=${DEBUG:-false}
+
+# DB_BACKEND options:
+#   goleveldb - default, pure Go, can have compaction stalls under heavy write load
+#   memdb     - in-memory only, fastest (no disk I/O), data lost on restart
+#   cleveldb  - C LevelDB, faster than goleveldb, requires CGO
+#   rocksdb   - best compaction control, requires CGO and rocksdb libs
+DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
+
+# --- New env vars for phase gating / multi-instance support ---
+# Final chain data dir. Init is done in a temp staging dir then moved here.
+SEI_HOME=${SEI_HOME:-"$HOME/.sei"}
+# Added to all ports (RPC, P2P, pprof, gRPC, etc.)
+PORT_OFFSET=${PORT_OFFSET:-0}
+# Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build.
+SEID_BIN=${SEID_BIN:-""}
+# Phase control: "init" (build+init+configure), "start" (run node), "all" (both)
+BENCHMARK_PHASE=${BENCHMARK_PHASE:-all}
+# Redirect seid output to file
+LOG_FILE=${LOG_FILE:-""}
+# Auto-stop after N seconds (0 = run forever, for backward compat)
+DURATION=${DURATION:-120}
+
+# Portable path resolution
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+
+# Benchmark scenario config (path to JSON file, see benchmark/scenarios/)
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json"}
+
+# Use python3 as default, but fall back to python if python3 doesn't exist
+PYTHON_CMD=python3
+if ! command -v $PYTHON_CMD &> /dev/null
+then
+    PYTHON_CMD=python
+fi
+
+# set key name
+keyname=admin
+
+# Determine which seid binary to use
+if [ -n "$SEID_BIN" ]; then
+  SEID="$SEID_BIN"
+else
+  SEID="$HOME/go/bin/seid"
+fi
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase: init (build + init + configure)
+# ============================================================
+if [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "init" ] || [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "all" ]; then
+
+# Display configuration
+echo "=== Benchmark Configuration ==="
+echo "  MOCK_BALANCES:           $MOCK_BALANCES"
+echo "  GIGA_EXECUTOR:           $GIGA_EXECUTOR"
+echo "  GIGA_OCC:                $GIGA_OCC"
+echo "  DB_BACKEND:              $DB_BACKEND"
+echo "  BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH: $BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH"
+echo "  DISABLE_INDEXER:         $DISABLE_INDEXER"
+echo "  DEBUG:                   $DEBUG"
+echo "  BENCHMARK_CONFIG:        ${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-(default: EVMTransfer)}"
+echo "  SEI_HOME:                $SEI_HOME"
+echo "  PORT_OFFSET:             $PORT_OFFSET"
+echo "  SEID_BIN:                ${SEID_BIN:-(build from source)}"
+echo "  BENCHMARK_PHASE:         $BENCHMARK_PHASE"
+echo "  DURATION:                $DURATION (0=forever)"
+echo ""
+echo "Available scenarios in $SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/:"
+ls -1 "$SCRIPT_DIR"/scenarios/*.json 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/    /' || echo "    (none found)"
+echo "================================"
+
+# Create isolated staging directory for chain init
+STAGING_DIR=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/sei-bench-init.XXXXXX")
+staging_cleanup() {
+  rm -rf "$STAGING_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+trap staging_cleanup EXIT
+
+echo "Building..."
+
+if [ -n "$SEID_BIN" ]; then
+  echo "Using pre-built binary: $SEID_BIN"
+else
+  # Determine build options based on DB_BACKEND
+  BUILD_TAGS=""
+  case "$DB_BACKEND" in
+    cleveldb)
+      echo "Building with cleveldb support (C LevelDB - faster)..."
+      BUILD_TAGS="cleveldb"
+      ;;
+    rocksdb)
+      echo "Building with rocksdb support (best compaction control)..."
+      BUILD_TAGS="rocksdb"
+      ;;
+    goleveldb|memdb)
+      echo "Building with default goleveldb support..."
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "ERROR: Unknown DB_BACKEND '$DB_BACKEND'. Valid options: goleveldb, memdb, cleveldb, rocksdb"
+      exit 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+
+  # install seid with benchmark support (includes mock_balances)
+  echo "Building with benchmark and mock balances support enabled..."
+  if [ -n "$BUILD_TAGS" ]; then
+    COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench
+  else
+    make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench
+  fi
+fi
+
+# initialize chain with chain ID and add the first key
+"$SEID" init demo --chain-id sei-chain --home "$STAGING_DIR"
+"$SEID" keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
+# add the key as a genesis account with massive balances of several different tokens
+"$SEID" add-genesis-account $("$SEID" keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR") 100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
+# gentx for account
+"$SEID" gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
+# add validator information to genesis file
+KEY=$(jq '.pub_key' "$STAGING_DIR/config/priv_validator_key.json" -c)
+jq '.validators = [{}]' "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json"
+jq '.validators[0] += {"power":"7000000000"}' "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_2.json"
+jq '.validators[0] += {"pub_key":'$KEY'}' "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_2.json" > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_3.json"
+mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_3.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" && rm "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && rm "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_2.json"
+
+echo "Creating Accounts"
+# create 10 test accounts + fund them
+SEI_HOME_DIR="$STAGING_DIR" SEID_BIN="$SEID" python3 "$REPO_ROOT/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py" 20 loc
+
+"$SEID" collect-gentxs --home "$STAGING_DIR"
+# update some params in genesis file for easier use of the chain localls (make gov props faster)
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["gov"]["deposit_params"]["max_deposit_period"]="60s"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["voting_period"]="30s"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["expedited_voting_period"]="10s"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["vote_period"]="2"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["evm"]["params"]["target_gas_used_per_block"]="1000000000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["whitelist"]=[{"name": "ueth"},{"name": "ubtc"},{"name": "uusdc"},{"name": "uusdt"},{"name": "uosmo"},{"name": "uatom"},{"name": "usei"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["distribution"]["params"]["community_tax"]="0.000000000000000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas"]="100000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["min_txs_in_block"]="2"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas_wanted"]="150000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["staking"]["params"]["max_voting_power_ratio"]="1.000000000000000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["bank"]["denom_metadata"]=[{"denom_units":[{"denom":"usei","exponent":0,"aliases":["USEI"]}],"base":"usei","display":"usei","name":"USEI","symbol":"USEI"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+
+# Use the Python command to get the dates
+START_DATE=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime; print(datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
+END_DATE_3DAYS=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=3)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
+END_DATE_5DAYS=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=5)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
+
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq --arg start_date "$START_DATE" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"]=[{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq --arg start_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_5DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"] += [{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+
+if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
+  APP_TOML_PATH="$2"
+else
+  APP_TOML_PATH="$STAGING_DIR/config/app.toml"
+fi
+# Enable OCC and SeiDB
+sed -i.bak -e 's/# concurrency-workers = .*/concurrency-workers = 500/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+sed -i.bak -e 's/occ-enabled = .*/occ-enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+sed -i.bak -e 's/sc-enable = .*/sc-enable = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+sed -i.bak -e 's/ss-enable = .*/ss-enable = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+
+# Enable Giga Executor (evmone-based) if requested
+if [ "$GIGA_EXECUTOR" = true ]; then
+  echo "Enabling Giga Executor (evmone-based EVM)..."
+  if grep -q "\[giga_executor\]" "$APP_TOML_PATH"; then
+    # If the section exists, update enabled to true
+    if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
+      sed -i '' '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    else
+      sed -i '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    fi
+  else
+    # If section doesn't exist, append it
+    echo "" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    echo "[giga_executor]" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    echo "enabled = true" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    echo "occ_enabled = false" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+  fi
+
+  # Set OCC based on GIGA_OCC flag
+  if [ "$GIGA_OCC" = true ]; then
+    echo "Enabling OCC for Giga Executor..."
+    if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
+      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    else
+      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    fi
+  else
+    echo "Disabling OCC for Giga Executor (sequential mode)..."
+    if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
+      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    else
+      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    fi
+  fi
+fi
+
+# set block time to 2s
+if [ ! -z "$1" ]; then
+  CONFIG_PATH="$1"
+else
+  CONFIG_PATH="$STAGING_DIR/config/config.toml"
+fi
+
+if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
+  APP_PATH="$2"
+else
+  APP_PATH="$STAGING_DIR/config/app.toml"
+fi
+
+if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "linux-gnu"* ]]; then
+  sed -i 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  if [ "$DISABLE_INDEXER" = true ]; then
+    sed -i 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    echo "Indexer disabled"
+  fi
+  sed -i 's/skip_timeout_commit =.*/skip_timeout_commit = false/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  sed -i 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  # Set the DB backend
+  sed -i "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  echo "DB backend set to: $DB_BACKEND"
+elif [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
+  sed -i '' 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  if [ "$DISABLE_INDEXER" = true ]; then
+    sed -i '' 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    echo "Indexer disabled"
+  fi
+  sed -i '' 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  # Set the DB backend
+  sed -i '' "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  echo "DB backend set to: $DB_BACKEND"
+else
+  printf "Platform not supported, please ensure that the following values are set in your config.toml:\n"
+  printf "###         Consensus Configuration Options         ###\n"
+  printf "\t timeout_prevote = \"2000ms\"\n"
+  printf "\t timeout_precommit = \"2000ms\"\n"
+  printf "\t timeout_commit = \"2000ms\"\n"
+  printf "\t skip_timeout_commit = false\n"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Apply port offsets if non-zero
+if [ "$PORT_OFFSET" -ne 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
+  RPC=$((26657 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  P2P=$((26656 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  PPROF=$((6060 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  GRPC=$((9090 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  GRPCWEB=$((9091 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  API=$((1317 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  ROSETTA=$((8080 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  EVM_HTTP=$((8545 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  EVM_WS=$((8546 + PORT_OFFSET))
+
+  if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
+    sed -i '' "s|pprof-laddr = .*|pprof-laddr = \"localhost:${PPROF}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26657\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${RPC}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26656\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${P2P}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9090\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPC}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9091\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPCWEB}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:1317\"|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:${API}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \":8080\"|address = \":${ROSETTA}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|http_port = 8545|http_port = ${EVM_HTTP}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|ws_port = 8546|ws_port = ${EVM_WS}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+  else
+    sed -i "s|pprof-laddr = .*|pprof-laddr = \"localhost:${PPROF}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26657\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${RPC}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26656\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${P2P}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9090\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPC}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9091\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPCWEB}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:1317\"|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:${API}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \":8080\"|address = \":${ROSETTA}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|http_port = 8545|http_port = ${EVM_HTTP}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|ws_port = 8546|ws_port = ${EVM_WS}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+  fi
+fi
+
+"$SEID" config keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
+
+# Move staging dir to final SEI_HOME
+rm -rf "$SEI_HOME"
+mkdir -p "$(dirname "$SEI_HOME")"
+mv "$STAGING_DIR" "$SEI_HOME"
+trap - EXIT
+
+fi # end BENCHMARK_PHASE=init
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase: start (run the node)
+# ============================================================
+if [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "start" ] || [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "all" ]; then
+
+PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + PORT_OFFSET))
+
+# start the chain with log tracing
+# Benchmark mode is enabled via build tag, no --benchmark flag needed
+echo ""
+echo "=== pprof enabled at http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof ==="
+echo "To capture 30s CPU profile during benchmark:"
+echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30"
+echo "To capture heap profile:"
+echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap"
+echo "To capture 30s fgprof (wall-clock):"
+echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30"
+echo "============================================================"
+echo ""
+
+# Build the seid command args
+SEID_ARGS=(start --chain-id sei-chain)
+if [ "$SEI_HOME" != "$HOME/.sei" ]; then
+  SEID_ARGS+=(--home "$SEI_HOME")
+fi
+
+if [ "$DURATION" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
+  # ---- Timed run: background seid, capture profiles, extract TPS ----
+  BASE_DIR="${BASE_DIR:-/tmp/sei-bench}"
+  PROFILE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/pprof"
+  mkdir -p "$PROFILE_DIR"
+
+  # Auto-generate log file if not set
+  if [ -z "$LOG_FILE" ]; then
+    LOG_FILE="$BASE_DIR/output.log"
+  fi
+
+  echo "Running for ${DURATION}s (log: $LOG_FILE)"
+  echo ""
+
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH \
+    "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" > "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1 &
+  SEID_PID=$!
+
+  cleanup_seid() {
+    kill "$SEID_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+  }
+  trap cleanup_seid EXIT
+
+  # Wait until midway, then capture profiles
+  PPROF_WAIT=$(( DURATION / 2 ))
+  echo "  Waiting ${PPROF_WAIT}s before capturing profiles..."
+  sleep "$PPROF_WAIT" || true
+
+  echo ""
+  echo "=== Capturing profiles (30s CPU + 30s fgprof + others) ==="
+  set +e
+  PROFILE_CAPTURE_START=$(date +%s)
+
+  # Capture sequentially to avoid runtime conflicts:
+  # Go pprof CPU and fgprof profiling cannot run at the same time.
+  echo "  capturing cpu profile ..."
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz"
+
+  echo "  capturing fgprof ..."
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz"
+
+  echo "  capturing heap/goroutine/block/mutex ..."
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz"
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/goroutine.pb.gz"
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/block?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/block.pb.gz"
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/mutex?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/mutex.pb.gz"
+
+  echo "  capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $PROFILE_DIR/"
+  echo "  Profile capture complete."
+
+  PROFILE_CAPTURE_END=$(date +%s)
+  PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS=$(( PROFILE_CAPTURE_END - PROFILE_CAPTURE_START ))
+  set -e
+
+  # Verify profile sizes
+  cpu_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  fgprof_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  heap_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  goroutine_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/goroutine.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  block_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/block.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  mutex_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/mutex.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  echo "  cpu=${cpu_size}B fgprof=${fgprof_size}B heap=${heap_size}B goroutine=${goroutine_size}B block=${block_size}B mutex=${mutex_size}B"
+
+  # Wait remaining time
+  REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS ))
+  if [ "$REMAINING" -gt 0 ]; then
+    echo ""
+    echo "  Continuing benchmark for ${REMAINING}s..."
+    sleep "$REMAINING" || true
+  fi
+
+  echo ""
+  echo "Stopping seid..."
+  kill "$SEID_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+  wait "$SEID_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+  trap - EXIT
+
+  # ---- Extract TPS stats ----
+  TPS_FILE="$BASE_DIR/tps.txt"
+  sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$LOG_FILE" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p' > "$TPS_FILE"
+
+  HEIGHT=$(sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$LOG_FILE" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*height=\([0-9]*\).*/\1/p' | tail -1)
+
+  STATS=$(sort -n "$TPS_FILE" | awk '
+    NR>3 && $1>1000 {
+      sum += $1; count++
+      a[count] = $1
+    }
+    END {
+      if (count == 0) { printf "NO DATA"; exit }
+      median = (count % 2 == 1) ? a[int(count/2)+1] : (a[int(count/2)] + a[int(count/2)+1]) / 2
+      printf "Readings: %d | Median: %.0f | Avg: %.0f | Min: %.0f | Max: %.0f", \
+        count, median, sum/count, a[1], a[count]
+    }')
+
+  echo ""
+  echo "======================================================="
+  echo "=== Benchmark Results (${DURATION}s run) ==="
+  echo "======================================================="
+  echo ""
+  echo "  Height: ${HEIGHT:-N/A}"
+  echo "  $STATS"
+  echo ""
+  echo "Raw TPS:   $TPS_FILE"
+  echo "Full log:  $LOG_FILE"
+  echo "Profiles:  $PROFILE_DIR/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz"
+  echo ""
+  echo "Quick analysis:"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -top $PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -top $PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -alloc_space -top $PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz"
+  echo "Interactive flamegraph:"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -http=:8080 $PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz"
+
+else
+  # ---- DURATION=0: run forever (original behavior) ----
+  if [ -n "$LOG_FILE" ]; then
+    BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" > "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1
+  elif [ "$DEBUG" = true ]; then
+    BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}"
+  else
+    BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" 2>&1 | grep -E "(benchmark|Benchmark|deployed|transitioning)"
+  fi
+fi
+
+fi # end BENCHMARK_PHASE=start
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/README.md b/benchmark/scenarios/README.md
similarity index 89%
rename from scripts/scenarios/README.md
rename to benchmark/scenarios/README.md
index 856a999a49..2ae4dee6fc 100644
--- a/scripts/scenarios/README.md
+++ b/benchmark/scenarios/README.md
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 # Benchmark Scenarios
 
-This folder contains benchmark scenario configurations for `scripts/benchmark.sh`.
+This folder contains benchmark scenario configurations for `benchmark/benchmark.sh`.
 
 ## Usage
 
 ```bash
 # Use default scenario (EVMTransfer)
-./scripts/benchmark.sh
+./benchmark/benchmark.sh
 
 # Use ERC20 scenario
-BENCHMARK_CONFIG=scripts/scenarios/erc20.json ./scripts/benchmark.sh
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json ./benchmark/benchmark.sh
 
 # Use mixed scenario (EVMTransfer + ERC20)
-BENCHMARK_CONFIG=scripts/scenarios/mixed.json ./scripts/benchmark.sh
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/mixed.json ./benchmark/benchmark.sh
 ```
 
 ## Available Scenarios
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/default.json b/benchmark/scenarios/default.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/default.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/default.json
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/erc20.json b/benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/erc20.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/evm.json b/benchmark/scenarios/evm.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/evm.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/evm.json
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/mixed.json b/benchmark/scenarios/mixed.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/mixed.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/mixed.json
diff --git a/giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go b/giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d10750e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/tracekv"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
+)
+
+// FastStore is a single-goroutine giga cachekv store using plain maps instead of sync.Map.
+// It MUST NOT be used from multiple goroutines concurrently.
+// Use this for snapshot stores in the giga executor path where each store is
+// owned by a single task goroutine.
+type FastStore struct {
+	cache    map[string]*types.CValue
+	deleted  map[string]struct{}
+	parent   types.KVStore
+	storeKey types.StoreKey
+}
+
+var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*FastStore)(nil)
+
+// NewFastStore creates a new FastStore backed by plain maps.
+func NewFastStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey) *FastStore {
+	return &FastStore{
+		cache:    make(map[string]*types.CValue),
+		deleted:  make(map[string]struct{}),
+		parent:   parent,
+		storeKey: storeKey,
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
+	panic("should never attempt to get working hash from cache kv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetStoreType() types.StoreType {
+	return store.parent.GetStoreType()
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Get(key []byte) []byte {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	if cv, ok := store.cache[keyStr]; ok {
+		return cv.Value()
+	}
+	return store.parent.Get(key)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Set(key []byte, value []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	types.AssertValidValue(value)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, value, false, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Has(key []byte) bool {
+	return store.Get(key) != nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Delete(key []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, nil, true, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Write() {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(store.cache))
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		if v.Dirty() {
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, del := store.deleted[key]; del {
+			store.parent.Delete([]byte(key))
+			continue
+		}
+		if cv, ok := store.cache[key]; ok && cv.Value() != nil {
+			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cv.Value())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Mark all entries as clean instead of clearing — parent store may not
+	// make writes visible until Commit().
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		store.cache[k] = types.NewCValue(v.Value(), false)
+	}
+	clear(store.deleted)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrap(storeKey types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(store, storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrapWithTrace(storeKey types.StoreKey, w io.Writer, tc types.TraceContext) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(tracekv.NewStore(store, w, tc), storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) VersionExists(version int64) bool {
+	return store.parent.VersionExists(version)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) setCacheValue(key, value []byte, deleted bool, dirty bool) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	store.cache[keyStr] = types.NewCValue(value, dirty)
+	if deleted {
+		store.deleted[keyStr] = struct{}{}
+	} else {
+		delete(store.deleted, keyStr)
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetParent() types.KVStore {
+	return store.parent
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) DeleteAll(start, end []byte) error {
+	for _, k := range store.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		store.Delete([]byte(k))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end []byte) (res []string) {
+	keyStrs := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, pk := range store.parent.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		keyStrs[pk] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		kbz := []byte(k)
+		if bytes.Compare(kbz, start) < 0 || bytes.Compare(kbz, end) >= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if v.Value() == nil {
+			delete(keyStrs, k)
+		} else {
+			keyStrs[k] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	for k := range keyStrs {
+		res = append(res, k)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Iterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected iterator call on fast giga cachekv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) ReverseIterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected reverse iterator call on fast giga cachekv store")
+}
diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 16c97e3fdb..88c6491c04 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package tasks
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
@@ -132,16 +131,11 @@ func (s *scheduler) invalidateTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 	}
 }
 
-func start(ctx context.Context, ch chan func(), workers int) {
+func start(ch chan func(), workers int) {
 	for i := 0; i < workers; i++ {
 		go func() {
-			for {
-				select {
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					return
-				case work := <-ch:
-					work()
-				}
+			for work := range ch {
+				work()
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -214,7 +208,7 @@ func (s *scheduler) collectResponses(tasks []*deliverTxTask) []types.ResponseDel
 	return res
 }
 
-func (s *scheduler) tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx sdk.Context) {
+func (s *scheduler) tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx sdk.Context, txCount int) {
 	if s.multiVersionStores != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -222,9 +216,9 @@ func (s *scheduler) tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx sdk.Context) {
 	keys := ctx.MultiStore().StoreKeys()
 	for _, sk := range keys {
 		if ctx.GigaMultiStore().IsStoreGiga(sk) {
-			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStore(ctx.GigaKVStore(sk))
+			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(ctx.GigaKVStore(sk), txCount)
 		} else {
-			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStore(ctx.MultiStore().GetKVStore(sk))
+			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(ctx.MultiStore().GetKVStore(sk), txCount)
 		}
 	}
 	s.multiVersionStores = mvs
@@ -276,9 +270,15 @@ func (s *scheduler) emitMetrics() {
 func (s *scheduler) ProcessAll(ctx sdk.Context, reqs []*sdk.DeliverTxEntry) ([]types.ResponseDeliverTx, error) {
 	startTime := time.Now()
 	var iterations int
-	// initialize mutli-version stores if they haven't been initialized yet
-	s.tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx)
 	tasks, tasksMap := toTasks(reqs)
+	// Compute max absolute index for pre-allocating per-tx slices in multiversion stores
+	maxIdx := 0
+	for _, t := range tasks {
+		if t.AbsoluteIndex > maxIdx {
+			maxIdx = t.AbsoluteIndex
+		}
+	}
+	s.tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx, maxIdx+1)
 	s.allTasks = tasks
 	s.allTasksMap = tasksMap
 	s.executeCh = make(chan func(), len(tasks))
@@ -291,14 +291,16 @@ func (s *scheduler) ProcessAll(ctx sdk.Context, reqs []*sdk.DeliverTxEntry) ([]t
 		workers = len(tasks)
 	}
 
-	workerCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx.Context())
-	defer cancel()
+	defer close(s.executeCh)
+	defer close(s.validateCh)
 
 	// execution tasks are limited by workers
-	start(workerCtx, s.executeCh, workers)
+	start(s.executeCh, workers)
 
-	// validation tasks uses length of tasks to avoid blocking on validation
-	start(workerCtx, s.validateCh, len(tasks))
+	// validation workers: match execution workers instead of len(tasks).
+	// Validation is lightweight (readset comparison), and creating 1000
+	// goroutines per block causes significant scheduling overhead.
+	start(s.validateCh, workers)
 
 	toExecute := tasks
 	for !allValidated(tasks) {
@@ -437,7 +439,9 @@ func (s *scheduler) executeAll(ctx sdk.Context, tasks []*deliverTxTask) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	ctx, span := s.traceSpan(ctx, "SchedulerExecuteAll", nil)
-	span.SetAttributes(attribute.Bool("synchronous", s.synchronous))
+	if span.IsRecording() {
+		span.SetAttributes(attribute.Bool("synchronous", s.synchronous))
+	}
 	defer span.End()
 
 	// validationWg waits for all validations to complete
@@ -469,6 +473,9 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareAndRunTask(wg *sync.WaitGroup, ctx sdk.Context, task
 
 func (s *scheduler) traceSpan(ctx sdk.Context, name string, task *deliverTxTask) (sdk.Context, trace.Span) {
 	spanCtx, span := s.tracingInfo.StartWithContext(name, ctx.TraceSpanContext())
+	if !span.IsRecording() {
+		return ctx, span
+	}
 	if task != nil {
 		span.SetAttributes(attribute.String("txHash", fmt.Sprintf("%X", sha256.Sum256(task.Request.Tx))))
 		span.SetAttributes(attribute.Int("absoluteIndex", task.AbsoluteIndex))
@@ -480,35 +487,70 @@ func (s *scheduler) traceSpan(ctx sdk.Context, name string, task *deliverTxTask)
 
 // prepareTask initializes the context and version stores for a task
 func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
-	ctx := task.Ctx.WithTxIndex(task.AbsoluteIndex)
+	// Each task gets a noop EventManager: events emitted during OCC execution
+	// are never collected into the response, so we skip all event allocation
+	// and lock contention entirely (~8.4GB allocs + 60% of mutex contention).
+	ctx := task.Ctx.WithTxIndex(task.AbsoluteIndex).WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 
 	_, span := s.traceSpan(ctx, "SchedulerPrepare", task)
 	defer span.End()
 
 	// initialize the context
-	abortCh := make(chan occ.Abort, len(s.multiVersionStores))
+	// Capacity 1: only the first abort is consumed (executeTask reads once
+	// after close). WriteAbort uses select/default so subsequent aborts are
+	// silently dropped. Saves ~29 element slots per channel allocation.
+	abortCh := make(chan occ.Abort, 1)
 
 	// if there are no stores, don't try to wrap, because there's nothing to wrap
 	if len(s.multiVersionStores) > 0 {
-		// non-blocking
-		cms := ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()
-
-		// init version stores by store key
-		vs := make(map[store.StoreKey]*multiversion.VersionIndexedStore)
-		for storeKey, mvs := range s.multiVersionStores {
-			vs[storeKey] = mvs.VersionedIndexedStore(task.AbsoluteIndex, task.Incarnation, abortCh)
+		// Lazy VersionIndexedStore creation: only create stores that are
+		// actually accessed during tx execution (typically 3-4 out of ~30).
+		vs := make(map[store.StoreKey]*multiversion.VersionIndexedStore, 8)
+		getOrCreateVS := func(k store.StoreKey) *multiversion.VersionIndexedStore {
+			if v, ok := vs[k]; ok {
+				return v
+			}
+			mvs, ok := s.multiVersionStores[k]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil
+			}
+			v := mvs.VersionedIndexedStore(task.AbsoluteIndex, task.Incarnation, abortCh)
+			vs[k] = v
+			return v
 		}
 
-		// save off version store so we can ask it things later
+		// save off version store map so we can ask it things later
 		task.VersionStores = vs
-		ms := cms.SetKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.CacheWrap {
-			return vs[k]
-		})
-		ms = ms.(store.GigaMultiStore).SetGigaKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.KVStore {
-			return vs[k]
-		})
 
-		ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+		// Try the fast OCC path: create a hollow CMS with stores populated
+		// lazily from VersionIndexedStores on first access.
+		type occPreparer interface {
+			CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
+				func(store.StoreKey) store.CacheWrap,
+				func(store.StoreKey) store.KVStore,
+			) store.CacheMultiStore
+		}
+		parentMS := ctx.MultiStore()
+		if occ, ok := parentMS.(occPreparer); ok {
+			ms := occ.CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
+				func(k store.StoreKey) store.CacheWrap { return getOrCreateVS(k) },
+				func(k store.StoreKey) store.KVStore { return getOrCreateVS(k) },
+			)
+			ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+		} else {
+			// Fallback: eagerly create all stores
+			for storeKey, mvs := range s.multiVersionStores {
+				vs[storeKey] = mvs.VersionedIndexedStore(task.AbsoluteIndex, task.Incarnation, abortCh)
+			}
+			cms := parentMS.CacheMultiStore()
+			ms := cms.SetKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.CacheWrap {
+				return vs[k]
+			})
+			ms = ms.(store.GigaMultiStore).SetGigaKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.KVStore {
+				return vs[k]
+			})
+			ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if task.TxTracer != nil {
diff --git a/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go b/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
index 471c52cb30..954f000604 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
@@ -113,12 +113,14 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 	}
 
 	for _, out := range outputs {
@@ -131,13 +133,15 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				types.EventTypeTransfer,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
-				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					types.EventTypeTransfer,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
+					sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 
 		// Create account if recipient does not exist.
 		//
@@ -188,18 +192,20 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) sendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx sdk.Context, fromAddr sd
 		return err
 	}
 
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
-		),
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
+			),
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -212,17 +218,15 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubUnlockedCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, a
 		return sdkerrors.Wrap(sdkerrors.ErrInvalidCoins, amt.String())
 	}
 
-	lockedCoins := k.LockedCoins(ctx, addr)
-
+	// Skip LockedCoins: in the giga executor path, accounts are standard
+	// (non-vesting), so locked coins is always zero. This avoids the expensive
+	// AccountKeeper.GetAccount + protobuf UnpackAny per debit (~15GB allocs / 30s).
 	for _, coin := range amt {
 		balance := k.GetBalance(ctx, addr, coin.Denom)
 		if checkNeg {
-			locked := sdk.NewCoin(coin.Denom, lockedCoins.AmountOf(coin.Denom))
-			spendable := balance.Sub(locked)
-
-			_, hasNeg := sdk.Coins{spendable}.SafeSub(sdk.Coins{coin})
+			_, hasNeg := sdk.Coins{balance}.SafeSub(sdk.Coins{coin})
 			if hasNeg {
-				return sdkerrors.Wrapf(sdkerrors.ErrInsufficientFunds, "%s is smaller than %s", spendable, coin)
+				return sdkerrors.Wrapf(sdkerrors.ErrInsufficientFunds, "%s is smaller than %s", balance, coin)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -240,9 +244,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubUnlockedCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, a
 	}
 
 	// emit coin spent event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -267,9 +273,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.C
 	}
 
 	// emit coin received event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -360,7 +368,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiSpentEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -392,7 +400,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -419,14 +427,16 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SendCoinsAndWei(ctx sdk.Context, from sdk.AccAddress, to
 	if err := k.AddWei(ctx, to, wei); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 	if amt.GT(sdk.ZeroInt()) {
 		return k.SendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx, from, to, sdk.NewCoins(sdk.NewCoin(sdk.MustGetBaseDenom(), amt)))
 	}
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go b/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go
index 18cc3f4c1e..d567b736c5 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ import (
 
 func (k *Keeper) GetBalance(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress) *big.Int {
 	denom := k.GetBaseDenom(ctx)
-	allUsei := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, addr, denom).Amount
-	lockedUsei := k.BankKeeper().LockedCoins(ctx, addr).AmountOf(denom) // LockedCoins doesn't use iterators
-	usei := allUsei.Sub(lockedUsei)
+	usei := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, addr, denom).Amount
+	// Skip LockedCoins: it calls AccountKeeper.GetAccount solely to check for
+	// vesting accounts, but standard accounts always return zero locked coins.
+	// In the giga executor path, vesting accounts are not used, so we skip the
+	// expensive protobuf deserialization (~15GB allocs / 30s).
 	wei := k.BankKeeper().GetWeiBalance(ctx, addr)
 	return usei.Mul(state.SdkUseiToSweiMultiplier).Add(wei).BigInt()
 }
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go
index 07ee53f114..c81f49cb5e 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SubBalance(evmAddr common.Address, amtUint256 *uint256.Int, rea
 
 	// this avoids emitting cosmos events for ephemeral bookkeeping transfers like send_native
 	if s.eventsSuppressed {
-		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 	}
 
 	// Hook for mock balances (no-op in production builds)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) AddBalance(evmAddr common.Address, amtUint256 *uint256.Int, rea
 	ctx := s.ctx
 	// this avoids emitting cosmos events for ephemeral bookkeeping transfers like send_native
 	if s.eventsSuppressed {
-		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 	}
 
 	usei, wei := SplitUseiWeiAmount(amt)
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
index e57e962221..0db101fc78 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) CreateAccount(acc common.Address) {
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) GetCommittedState(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash) common.Hash {
-	return s.getState(s.snapshottedCtxs[0], addr, hash)
+	return s.getState(s.committedCtx, addr, hash)
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) GetState(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash) common.Hash {
@@ -101,8 +101,28 @@ func (s *DBImpl) HasSelfDestructed(acc common.Address) bool {
 	return bytes.Equal(val, AccountDeleted)
 }
 
+// gigaCacheMultiStorer is implemented by cachemulti.Store to provide a
+// lightweight CMS that uses plain maps instead of sync.Map. This is safe
+// for single-goroutine use in the giga executor snapshot path.
+type gigaCacheMultiStorer interface {
+	CacheMultiStoreGiga() storetypes.CacheMultiStore
+}
+
 func (s *DBImpl) Snapshot() int {
-	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(s.ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	ms := s.ctx.MultiStore()
+	var cms storetypes.CacheMultiStore
+	if gms, ok := ms.(gigaCacheMultiStorer); ok {
+		cms = gms.CacheMultiStoreGiga()
+	} else {
+		cms = ms.CacheMultiStore()
+	}
+	var em *sdk.EventManager
+	if s.ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		em = sdk.NewNoopEventManager()
+	} else {
+		em = sdk.NewEventManager()
+	}
+	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(cms).WithEventManager(em)
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = append(s.snapshottedCtxs, s.ctx)
 	s.ctx = newCtx
 	version := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
index eb95116d05..72ffd31e22 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package state
 
 import (
+	"sync"
+
 	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
@@ -12,9 +14,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/utils"
 )
 
+var tempStatePool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		return newTemporaryState()
+	},
+}
+
+var dbImplPool = sync.Pool{}
+
 // Initialized for each transaction individually
 type DBImpl struct {
 	ctx             sdk.Context
+	committedCtx    sdk.Context // original ctx for GetCommittedState (avoids one CMS clone)
 	snapshottedCtxs []sdk.Context
 
 	tempState *TemporaryState
@@ -44,17 +55,35 @@ type DBImpl struct {
 
 func NewDBImpl(ctx sdk.Context, k EVMKeeper, simulation bool) *DBImpl {
 	feeCollector, _ := k.GetFeeCollectorAddress(ctx)
-	s := &DBImpl{
-		ctx:                ctx,
-		k:                  k,
-		snapshottedCtxs:    []sdk.Context{},
-		coinbaseAddress:    GetCoinbaseAddress(ctx.TxIndex()),
-		simulation:         simulation,
-		tempState:          NewTemporaryState(),
-		journal:            []journalEntry{},
-		coinbaseEvmAddress: feeCollector,
+	var s *DBImpl
+	if v := dbImplPool.Get(); v != nil {
+		s = v.(*DBImpl)
+		s.ctx = ctx
+		s.committedCtx = ctx
+		s.k = k
+		s.snapshottedCtxs = s.snapshottedCtxs[:0]
+		s.coinbaseAddress = GetCoinbaseAddress(ctx.TxIndex())
+		s.coinbaseEvmAddress = feeCollector
+		s.simulation = simulation
+		s.tempState = NewTemporaryState()
+		s.journal = s.journal[:0]
+		s.err = nil
+		s.precompileErr = nil
+		s.eventsSuppressed = false
+		s.logger = nil
+	} else {
+		s = &DBImpl{
+			ctx:                ctx,
+			committedCtx:       ctx,
+			k:                  k,
+			snapshottedCtxs:    make([]sdk.Context, 0, 4),
+			coinbaseAddress:    GetCoinbaseAddress(ctx.TxIndex()),
+			simulation:         simulation,
+			tempState:          NewTemporaryState(),
+			journal:            make([]journalEntry, 0, 16),
+			coinbaseEvmAddress: feeCollector,
+		}
 	}
-	s.Snapshot() // take an initial snapshot for GetCommitted
 	return s
 }
 
@@ -80,21 +109,24 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SetEVM(evm *vm.EVM) {}
 func (s *DBImpl) AddPreimage(_ common.Hash, _ []byte) {}
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Cleanup() {
-	s.tempState = nil
+	if s.tempState != nil {
+		s.tempState.release()
+		s.tempState = nil
+	}
 	s.logger = nil
-	s.snapshottedCtxs = nil
+	// Return DBImpl to pool for reuse (keep allocated slices)
+	dbImplPool.Put(s)
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) CleanupForTracer() {
 	s.flushCtxs()
-	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
-		s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[0]
-	}
+	s.ctx = s.committedCtx
 	feeCollector, _ := s.k.GetFeeCollectorAddress(s.Ctx())
 	s.coinbaseEvmAddress = feeCollector
 	s.tempState = NewTemporaryState()
 	s.journal = []journalEntry{}
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = []sdk.Context{}
+	// For tracing, take an initial snapshot so the committed state is preserved.
 	s.Snapshot()
 }
 
@@ -112,11 +144,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) Finalize() (surplus sdk.Int, err error) {
 	s.clearAccountStateIfDestructed(s.tempState)
 
 	s.flushCtxs()
-	// write all events in order
+	// write all events in order (skip [0] which is the base/committed ctx)
 	for i := 1; i < len(s.snapshottedCtxs); i++ {
 		s.flushEvents(s.snapshottedCtxs[i])
 	}
-	s.flushEvents(s.ctx)
+	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
+		s.flushEvents(s.ctx)
+	}
 
 	surplus = s.tempState.surplus
 	return
@@ -141,7 +175,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) flushCtx(ctx sdk.Context) {
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) flushEvents(ctx sdk.Context) {
-	s.snapshottedCtxs[0].EventManager().EmitEvents(ctx.EventManager().Events())
+	s.committedCtx.EventManager().EmitEvents(ctx.EventManager().Events())
 }
 
 // Backward-compatibility functions
@@ -154,7 +188,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) GetStorageRoot(common.Address) common.Hash {
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Copy() vm.StateDB {
-	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(s.ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	var em *sdk.EventManager
+	if s.ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		em = sdk.NewNoopEventManager()
+	} else {
+		em = sdk.NewEventManager()
+	}
+	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(s.ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()).WithEventManager(em)
 	journal := make([]journalEntry, len(s.journal))
 	copy(journal, s.journal)
 	return &DBImpl{
@@ -248,17 +288,37 @@ type TemporaryState struct {
 	surplus               sdk.Int // in wei
 }
 
-func NewTemporaryState() *TemporaryState {
+func newTemporaryState() *TemporaryState {
 	return &TemporaryState{
-		logs:                  []*ethtypes.Log{},
+		logs:                  make([]*ethtypes.Log, 0, 4),
 		transientStates:       make(map[string]map[string]common.Hash),
 		transientAccounts:     make(map[string][]byte),
 		transientModuleStates: make(map[string][]byte),
-		transientAccessLists:  &accessList{Addresses: make(map[common.Address]int), Slots: []map[common.Hash]struct{}{}},
+		transientAccessLists:  &accessList{Addresses: make(map[common.Address]int), Slots: make([]map[common.Hash]struct{}, 0, 4)},
 		surplus:               utils.Sdk0,
 	}
 }
 
+func NewTemporaryState() *TemporaryState {
+	ts := tempStatePool.Get().(*TemporaryState)
+	ts.reset()
+	return ts
+}
+
+func (ts *TemporaryState) release() {
+	tempStatePool.Put(ts)
+}
+
+func (ts *TemporaryState) reset() {
+	ts.logs = ts.logs[:0]
+	clear(ts.transientStates)
+	clear(ts.transientAccounts)
+	clear(ts.transientModuleStates)
+	clear(ts.transientAccessLists.Addresses)
+	ts.transientAccessLists.Slots = ts.transientAccessLists.Slots[:0]
+	ts.surplus = utils.Sdk0
+}
+
 func (ts *TemporaryState) DeepCopy() *TemporaryState {
 	res := &TemporaryState{}
 	res.logs = make([]*ethtypes.Log, len(ts.logs))
diff --git a/giga/executor/executor.go b/giga/executor/executor.go
index 9722dd06af..ee4ca1fc1d 100644
--- a/giga/executor/executor.go
+++ b/giga/executor/executor.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package executor
 
 import (
 	"math/big"
+	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/evmc/v12/bindings/go/evmc"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -47,3 +48,33 @@ func (e *Executor) ExecuteTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, sender common.Addre
 
 	return executionResult, nil
 }
+
+// EVMPool pools vm.EVM instances for reuse within a single block.
+// All pooled EVMs share the same block context, chain config, and precompiles.
+type EVMPool struct {
+	pool sync.Pool
+}
+
+// NewEVMPool creates a pool of EVM instances pre-configured for the given block.
+func NewEVMPool(blockCtx vm.BlockContext, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, config vm.Config, customPrecompiles map[common.Address]vm.PrecompiledContract) *EVMPool {
+	return &EVMPool{
+		pool: sync.Pool{
+			New: func() interface{} {
+				return vm.NewEVM(blockCtx, nil, chainConfig, config, customPrecompiles)
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// GetExecutor obtains a pooled EVM, resets it for the given stateDB, and
+// returns an Executor wrapping it. Call PutExecutor when done.
+func (p *EVMPool) GetExecutor(stateDB vm.StateDB) *Executor {
+	evm := p.pool.Get().(*vm.EVM)
+	evm.Reset(stateDB)
+	return &Executor{evm: evm}
+}
+
+// PutExecutor returns the EVM to the pool for reuse.
+func (p *EVMPool) PutExecutor(e *Executor) {
+	p.pool.Put(e.evm)
+}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 80a2837afb..26aa66f15c 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/dvsekhvalnov/jose2go v1.5.0
 	github.com/ethereum/evmc/v12 v12.1.0
 	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v1.16.8
+	github.com/felixge/fgprof v0.9.5
 	github.com/fortytw2/leaktest v1.3.0
 	github.com/go-kit/kit v0.12.0
 	github.com/go-kit/log v0.2.1
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/golangci/revgrep v0.0.0-20220804021717-745bb2f7c2e6 // indirect
 	github.com/golangci/unconvert v0.0.0-20180507085042-28b1c447d1f4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/flatbuffers v23.5.26+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 // indirect
+	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240227163752-401108e1b7e7 // indirect
 	github.com/gordonklaus/ineffassign v0.0.0-20210914165742-4cc7213b9bc8 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/handlers v1.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gostaticanalysis/analysisutil v0.7.1 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index d2abc25aed..34c6cabe94 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -807,12 +807,18 @@ github.com/charithe/durationcheck v0.0.9/go.mod h1:SSbRIBVfMjCi/kEB6K65XEA83D6pr
 github.com/chavacava/garif v0.0.0-20220630083739-93517212f375 h1:E7LT642ysztPWE0dfz43cWOvMiF42DyTRC+eZIaO4yI=
 github.com/chavacava/garif v0.0.0-20220630083739-93517212f375/go.mod h1:4m1Rv7xfuwWPNKXlThldNuJvutYM6J95wNuuVmn55To=
 github.com/cheekybits/is v0.0.0-20150225183255-68e9c0620927/go.mod h1:h/aW8ynjgkuj+NQRlZcDbAbM1ORAbXjXX77sX7T289U=
+github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20230802225258-3cf4e6d46a89/go.mod h1:GKljq0VrfU4D5yc+2qA6OVr8pmO/MBbPEWqWQ/oqGEs=
+github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.9.2/go.mod h1:LkSXJKONWTCHAfQasKFUZI+mxqS4tZqhmtGzzhLsnLs=
+github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.0.0/go.mod h1:kgWmDdq8fTzXYcKIBqIYvRRTnYb9aNS9moAV0xufSww=
 github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWRnGsAI=
 github.com/chzyer/logex v1.2.0/go.mod h1:9+9sk7u7pGNWYMkh0hdiL++6OeibzJccyQU4p4MedaY=
+github.com/chzyer/logex v1.2.1/go.mod h1:JLbx6lG2kDbNRFnfkgvh4eRJRPX1QCoOIWomwysCBrQ=
 github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
 github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.0/go.mod h1:x22KAscuvRqlLoK9CsoYsmxoXZMMFVyOl86cAH8qUic=
+github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.1/go.mod h1:Eh+b79XXUwfKfcPLepksvw2tcLE/Ct21YObkaSkeBlk=
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20210722231415-061457976a23/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
+github.com/chzyer/test v1.0.0/go.mod h1:2JlltgoNkt4TW/z9V/IzDdFaMTM2JPIi26O1pF38GC8=
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonus-gometrics v2.3.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:nmEj6Dob7S7YxXgwXpfOuvO54S+tGdZdw9fuRZt25Ag=
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonusllhist v0.1.3/go.mod h1:kMXHVDlOchFAehlya5ePtbp5jckzBHf4XRpQvBOLI+I=
 github.com/clbanning/x2j v0.0.0-20191024224557-825249438eec/go.mod h1:jMjuTZXRI4dUb/I5gc9Hdhagfvm9+RyrPryS/auMzxE=
@@ -1015,6 +1021,8 @@ github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0/go.mod h1:fL2Sau1YI5c0pdGEVCbKQbLXB6edEj1ZgiY4Nij
 github.com/fatih/structs v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9NiDSp5zOcgEDl+j00MP/WkGVPOlPRLejGD8Ga6PJ7M=
 github.com/fatih/structtag v1.2.0 h1:/OdNE99OxoI/PqaW/SuSK9uxxT3f/tcSZgon/ssNSx4=
 github.com/fatih/structtag v1.2.0/go.mod h1:mBJUNpUnHmRKrKlQQlmCrh5PuhftFbNv8Ys4/aAZl94=
+github.com/felixge/fgprof v0.9.5 h1:8+vR6yu2vvSKn08urWyEuxx75NWPEvybbkBirEpsbVY=
+github.com/felixge/fgprof v0.9.5/go.mod h1:yKl+ERSa++RYOs32d8K6WEXCB4uXdLls4ZaZPpayhMM=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.1/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 h1:NFTV2Zj1bL4mc9sqWACXbQFVBBg2W3GPvqp8/ESS2Wg=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
@@ -1149,8 +1157,9 @@ github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.0/go.mod h1:q8bcK0KcYlCgd9e7WYLm9LpyS+YeLd8JVDW6Wezm
 github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1 h1:xfeeEhW7pwmX8nuLVlqbzVc7udMDrwetjEv+TZIz1og=
 github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1/go.mod h1:q8bcK0KcYlCgd9e7WYLm9LpyS+YeLd8JVDW6WezmKEw=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.0.2/go.mod h1:szmBTxLgaFppYjEmNtny/v3w89xOydFnnZMcgRRu/EM=
-github.com/gobwas/ws v1.1.0 h1:7RFti/xnNkMJnrK7D1yQ/iCIB5OrrY/54/H930kIbHA=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.1.0/go.mod h1:nzvNcVha5eUziGrbxFCo6qFIojQHjJV5cLYIbezhfL0=
+github.com/gobwas/ws v1.2.1 h1:F2aeBZrm2NDsc7vbovKrWSogd4wvfAxg0FQ89/iqOTk=
+github.com/gobwas/ws v1.2.1/go.mod h1:hRKAFb8wOxFROYNsT1bqfWnhX+b5MFeJM9r2ZSwg/KY=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.7/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.11/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.4 h1:JSwxQzIqKfmFX1swYPpUThQZp/Ka4wzJdK0LWVytLPM=
@@ -1305,8 +1314,9 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210407192527-94a9f03dee38/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLe
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210601050228-01bbb1931b22/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210609004039-a478d1d731e9/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210720184732-4bb14d4b1be1/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
-github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 h1:4/hN5RUoecvl+RmJRE2YxKWtnnQls6rQjjW5oV7qg2U=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904/go.mod h1:uglQLonpP8qtYCYyzA+8c/9qtqgA3qsXGYqCPKARAFg=
+github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240227163752-401108e1b7e7 h1:y3N7Bm7Y9/CtpiVkw/ZWj6lSlDF3F74SfKwfTCer72Q=
+github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240227163752-401108e1b7e7/go.mod h1:czg5+yv1E0ZGTi6S6vVK1mke0fV+FaUhNGcd6VRS9Ik=
 github.com/google/renameio v0.1.0/go.mod h1:KWCgfxg9yswjAJkECMjeO8J8rahYeXnNhOm40UhjYkI=
 github.com/google/safehtml v0.0.2/go.mod h1:L4KWwDsUJdECRAEpZoBn3O64bQaywRscowZjJAzjHnU=
 github.com/google/shlex v0.0.0-20191202100458-e7afc7fbc510 h1:El6M4kTTCOh6aBiKaUGG7oYTSPP8MxqL4YI3kZKwcP4=
@@ -1457,6 +1467,7 @@ github.com/iancoleman/strcase v0.2.0/go.mod h1:iwCmte+B7n89clKwxIoIXy/HfoL7AsD47
 github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20181102032728-5e5cf60278f6/go.mod h1:aSSvb/t6k1mPoxDqO4vJh6VOCGPwU4O0C2/Eqndh1Sc=
 github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20200824232613-28f6c0f3b639/go.mod h1:aSSvb/t6k1mPoxDqO4vJh6VOCGPwU4O0C2/Eqndh1Sc=
 github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20220319035150-800ac71e25c2/go.mod h1:aYm2/VgdVmcIU8iMfdMvDMsRAQjcfZSKFby6HOFvi/w=
+github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20230524184225-eabc099b10ab/go.mod h1:gx7rwoVhcfuVKG5uya9Hs3Sxj7EIvldVofAWIUtGouw=
 github.com/imkira/go-interpol v1.1.0/go.mod h1:z0h2/2T3XF8kyEPpRgJ3kmNv+C43p+I/CoI+jC3w2iA=
 github.com/improbable-eng/grpc-web v0.14.1 h1:NrN4PY71A6tAz2sKDvC5JCauENWp0ykG8Oq1H3cpFvw=
 github.com/improbable-eng/grpc-web v0.14.1/go.mod h1:zEjGHa8DAlkoOXmswrNvhUGEYQA9UI7DhrGeHR1DMGU=
@@ -1582,6 +1593,7 @@ github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.11 h1:vRjThO1EKPb/1NsDXuDrzldR28RLkBflWYcU9CvzW
 github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.11/go.mod h1:aK3tzZP/C+p1m3SPRE4SYZFGP7jjkuSI4f7Xvpt0S9c=
 github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib v0.0.0-20230210071639-db0e7ed11263 h1:LGEzZvf33Y1NhuP5+jI/ni9l1TFS6oYPDilgy74NusM=
 github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib v0.0.0-20230210071639-db0e7ed11263/go.mod h1:OXgMDuUo2lZ3NpH29ZvMYbk+LxFd5ffDl2Z2mGMuY/I=
+github.com/ledongthuc/pdf v0.0.0-20220302134840-0c2507a12d80/go.mod h1:imJHygn/1yfhB7XSJJKlFZKl/J+dCPAknuiaGOshXAs=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.0/go.mod h1:+8+nEpDfqqsY+g338gtMEUOtuK+4dEMhiQEgxpxOKII=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.1 h1:BqpAaACuzVSgi/VLzGZIobT2z4v53pjosyNd9Yv6n/w=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.1/go.mod h1:zt4jvISO2HfUBqxjfIshjdMTYS56ZS/qv49ictyFfxY=
@@ -1799,6 +1811,7 @@ github.com/openzipkin-contrib/zipkin-go-opentracing v0.4.5/go.mod h1:/wsWhb9smxS
 github.com/openzipkin/zipkin-go v0.1.6/go.mod h1:QgAqvLzwWbR/WpD4A3cGpPtJrZXNIiJc5AZX7/PBEpw=
 github.com/openzipkin/zipkin-go v0.2.1/go.mod h1:NaW6tEwdmWMaCDZzg8sh+IBNOxHMPnhQw8ySjnjRyN4=
 github.com/openzipkin/zipkin-go v0.2.2/go.mod h1:NaW6tEwdmWMaCDZzg8sh+IBNOxHMPnhQw8ySjnjRyN4=
+github.com/orisano/pixelmatch v0.0.0-20220722002657-fb0b55479cde/go.mod h1:nZgzbfBr3hhjoZnS66nKrHmduYNpc34ny7RK4z5/HM0=
 github.com/ory/dockertest v3.3.5+incompatible h1:iLLK6SQwIhcbrG783Dghaaa3WPzGc+4Emza6EbVUUGA=
 github.com/ory/dockertest v3.3.5+incompatible/go.mod h1:1vX4m9wsvi00u5bseYwXaSnhNrne+V0E6LAcBILJdPs=
 github.com/ory/dockertest/v3 v3.9.1 h1:v4dkG+dlu76goxMiTT2j8zV7s4oPPEppKT8K8p2f1kY=
diff --git a/go.work b/go.work
index f719abc0e5..3f66249f1b 100644
--- a/go.work
+++ b/go.work
@@ -4,3 +4,5 @@ use (
 	.
 	./sei-cosmos
 )
+
+replace github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum => ../go-ethereum
diff --git a/go.work.sum b/go.work.sum
index 3f32e91e14..084d091450 100644
--- a/go.work.sum
+++ b/go.work.sum
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ cel.dev/expr v0.16.1/go.mod h1:AsGA5zb3WruAEQeQng1RZdGEXmBj0jvMWh6l5SnNuC8=
 cel.dev/expr v0.20.0 h1:OunBvVCfvpWlt4dN7zg3FM6TDkzOePe1+foGJ9AXeeI=
 cel.dev/expr v0.20.0/go.mod h1:MrpN08Q+lEBs+bGYdLxxHkZoUSsCp0nSKTs0nTymJgw=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.98.0/go.mod h1:ua6Ush4NALrHk5QXDWnjvZHN93OuF0HfuEPq9I1X0cM=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.110.0 h1:Zc8gqp3+a9/Eyph2KDmcGaPtbKRIoqq4YTlL4NMD0Ys=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0 h1:B3fRrSDkLRt5qSHWe40ERJvhvnQwdZiHu0bJOpldweE=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0/go.mod h1:cEPSRWPzZEswwdr9BxE6ChEn01dWlTaF05LiC2Xs70U=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.121.1 h1:S3kTQSydxmu1JfLRLpKtxRPA7rSrYPRPEUmL/PavVUw=
@@ -248,6 +249,7 @@ cloud.google.com/go/gkemulticloud v1.4.1 h1:SvVD2nJTGScEDYygIQ5dI14oFYhgtJx8Hazk
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@@ -439,6 +441,7 @@ cloud.google.com/go/speech v1.25.2 h1:rKOXU9LAZTOYHhRNB4gZDekNjJx21TktQpetBa5IzO
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@@ -559,6 +562,7 @@ github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring v1.2.2/go.mod h1:plvDsJQpxOC5bw8LRteu/MLWHsHez/
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@@ -627,6 +631,7 @@ github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15 v15.0.2/go.mod h1:DGXsR3ajT524njufqf95822i+KTh+ye
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@@ -671,12 +676,26 @@ github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.2 h1:rIfFVxEf1QsI7E1ZHfp/B4DF/6QBAUhmgkxc0H7
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@@ -686,6 +705,7 @@ github.com/clbanning/x2j v0.0.0-20191024224557-825249438eec h1:EdRZT3IeKQmfCSrgo
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@@ -696,25 +716,31 @@ github.com/codegangsta/inject v0.0.0-20150114235600-33e0aa1cb7c0 h1:sDMmm+q/3+Bu
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@@ -724,6 +750,7 @@ github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/r
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@@ -737,11 +764,13 @@ github.com/eknkc/amber v0.0.0-20171010120322-cdade1c07385 h1:clC1lXBpe2kTj2VHdaI
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@@ -805,6 +834,7 @@ github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20210107165309-348f09dbbbc0 h1:p104kn46Q8Wd
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@@ -824,6 +854,7 @@ github.com/google/go-pkcs11 v0.3.0 h1:PVRnTgtArZ3QQqTGtbtjtnIkzl2iY2kt24yqbrf7td
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@@ -867,12 +898,15 @@ github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.26.3/go.mod h1:ndYquD05frm2vACXE1ns
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@@ -896,10 +934,14 @@ github.com/huandu/xstrings v1.3.2/go.mod h1:y5/lhBue+AyNmUVz9RLU9xbLR0o4KIIExikq
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@@ -926,6 +968,7 @@ github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkr
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@@ -1152,16 +1209,19 @@ github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt v0.6.0 h1:REOEXCs/NFY/1jOCEouMuT4zEniE5YoXbvpC5X/
 github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt v0.6.0/go.mod h1:U8+INwJo3nBv1m6A/8OBXAq7Jnpspk5AxSgDyEQcea8=
 github.com/samuel/go-zookeeper v0.0.0-20190923202752-2cc03de413da h1:p3Vo3i64TCLY7gIfzeQaUJ+kppEO5WQG3cL8iE8tGHU=
 github.com/sanity-io/litter v1.5.5 h1:iE+sBxPBzoK6uaEP5Lt3fHNgpKcHXc/A2HGETy0uJQo=
+github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v5 v5.3.1 h1:lZUw3E0/J3roVtGQ+SCrUrg3ON6NgVqpn3+iol9aGu4=
 github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v5 v5.3.1/go.mod h1:uToXkOrWAZ6/Oc07xWQrPOhJotwFIyu2bBVN41fcDUY=
 github.com/schollz/closestmatch v2.1.0+incompatible h1:Uel2GXEpJqOWBrlyI+oY9LTiyyjYS17cCYRqP13/SHk=
 github.com/sean-/seed v0.0.0-20170313163322-e2103e2c3529 h1:nn5Wsu0esKSJiIVhscUtVbo7ada43DJhG55ua/hjS5I=
 github.com/seccomp/libseccomp-golang v0.9.1 h1:NJjM5DNFOs0s3kYE1WUOr6G8V97sdt46rlXTMfXGWBo=
+github.com/seccomp/libseccomp-golang v0.9.2-0.20220502022130-f33da4d89646 h1:RpforrEYXWkmGwJHIGnLZ3tTWStkjVVstwzNGqxX2Ds=
 github.com/seccomp/libseccomp-golang v0.9.2-0.20220502022130-f33da4d89646/go.mod h1:JA8cRccbGaA1s33RQf7Y1+q9gHmZX1yB/z9WDN1C6fg=
 github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 h1:9BQrFxC+YOHJlTlHGkTrFWf59nbL3XnCoFLTwDCI7ys=
 github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0/go.mod h1:BqMnlJP91P8d+4ibuonYZw9mfnzI9HfxselHZr5aAcs=
 github.com/segmentio/fasthash v1.0.3 h1:EI9+KE1EwvMLBWwjpRDc+fEM+prwxDYbslddQGtrmhM=
 github.com/sei-protocol/go-ethereum v1.15.7-sei-12 h1:3Wj5nU7X0+mKcDho6mwf0leVytQWmNEq6xFv9Wr+HOs=
 github.com/sei-protocol/go-ethereum v1.15.7-sei-12/go.mod h1:+S9k+jFzlyVTNcYGvqFhzN/SFhI6vA+aOY4T5tLSPL0=
+github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.0.0 h1:Kpca3qRNrduNnOQeazBd0ysaKrUJiIuISHxogkT9RPQ=
 github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.1.0 h1:we8PVUC3FE2uYfodKH/nBHMSetSfHDR6scGdBi+erh0=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.22.9/go.mod h1:bBYl1kjgEJpWpxeHmLI+dVHWtyAwfcmSBLDsp2TNT8A=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.23.2 h1:PAWSuiAszn7IhPMBtXsbSCafej7PqUOvY6YywlQUExU=
@@ -1181,6 +1241,7 @@ github.com/sony/gobreaker v0.4.1 h1:oMnRNZXX5j85zso6xCPRNPtmAycat+WcoKbklScLDgQ=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UBogFpq8E9Hx+xc5CNTTEpTnuHVmXDwZcZcE1eb/UhQ=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v1.3.0/go.mod h1:BrRVncBjOJa/eUcVVm9CE+oC6as8k+VYr4NY7WCi9V4=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v1.6.0/go.mod h1:IOw/AERYS7UzyrGinqmz6HLUo219MORXGxhbaJUqzrY=
+github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman v1.1.0 h1:ue6voC5bR5F8YxI5S67j9i582FU4Qvo2bmqnqMYADFk=
 github.com/spf13/viper v1.10.0/go.mod h1:SoyBPwAtKDzypXNDFKN5kzH7ppppbGZtls1UpIy5AsM=
 github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 h1:N2I01KCUkv1FAjZXJMwh95KK1ZIQLYbPfhaxw8WS0hE=
 github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0/go.mod h1:P+NxobPc6wXhVtINNtFjNWGBTreew1GBUCwT2wPmb7g=
@@ -1202,10 +1263,12 @@ github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.37.0-dev/go.mod h1:cEvyfTDZKrgpt13uLeFX8+xst
 github.com/tidwall/sjson v1.1.4 h1:bTSsPLdAYF5QNLSwYsKfBKKTnlGbIuhqL3CpRsjzGhg=
 github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.10/go.mod h1:C8XykCvCb+Gn0oNCWPIlcb0RuglQTYaQ2hGm7jmxEFk=
 github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.4.0/go.mod h1:1+UI3pD8NW14VMwdgJNJ1ESk2UnwhAnz5hMwiKKqXCQ=
+github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20190109142713-0ad062ec5ee5 h1:LnC5Kc/wtumK+WB441p7ynQJzVuNRJiqddSIE3IlSEQ=
 github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20200427203606-3cfed13b9966 h1:j6JEOq5QWFker+d7mFQYOhjTZonQ7YkLTHm56dbn+yM=
 github.com/tomasen/realip v0.0.0-20180522021738-f0c99a92ddce h1:fb190+cK2Xz/dvi9Hv8eCYJYvIGUTN2/KLq1pT6CjEc=
 github.com/torquem-ch/mdbx-go v0.27.5 h1:bbhXQGFCmoxbRDXKYEJwxSOOTeBKwoD4pFBUpK9+V1g=
 github.com/torquem-ch/mdbx-go v0.27.5/go.mod h1:T2fsoJDVppxfAPTLd1svUgH1kpPmeXdPESmroSHcL1E=
+github.com/tv42/httpunix v0.0.0-20150427012821-b75d8614f926 h1:G3dpKMzFDjgEh2q1Z7zUUtKa8ViPtH+ocF0bE0g00O8=
 github.com/tv42/httpunix v0.0.0-20191220191345-2ba4b9c3382c h1:u6SKchux2yDvFQnDHS3lPnIRmfVJ5Sxy3ao2SIdysLQ=
 github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 v1.0.2 h1:+t3w+KwLXO6154GNJY+qUtIxLTmFjfUmpguQT1OlOT8=
 github.com/uptrace/opentelemetry-go-extra/otelgorm v0.3.2 h1:Jjn3zoRz13f8b1bR6LrXWglx93Sbh4kYfwgmPju3E2k=
@@ -1260,16 +1323,21 @@ go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.0 h1:4seM66oLzTpz50u4K1zlJyOXQ3tCzcJN7I22tKkjipw=
 go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.0/go.mod h1:7y9FF8VtPWqpxuAxl0KQWqaULxW4zFIesD6zF5RIHHg=
 go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.1 h1:16/AfSxcQISGN5z9C5lM+0mLYXihrHbQ1onvYTr93aQ=
 go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.1/go.mod h1:XaFtaj4HuA3Zwk9xoBtTWgNubZ0ZZXv9BZJCkuKuWbg=
+go.etcd.io/etcd v0.0.0-20191023171146-3cf2f69b5738 h1:VcrIfasaLFkyjk6KNlXQSzO+B0fZcnECiDrKJsfxka0=
 go.etcd.io/etcd v0.0.0-20200513171258-e048e166ab9c h1:/RwRVN9EdXAVtdHxP7Ndn/tfmM9/goiwU0QTnLBgS4w=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.0 h1:GsV3S+OfZEOCNXdtNkBSR7kgLobAa/SO6tCxRa0GAYw=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.1/go.mod h1:cbVKeC6lCfl7j/8jBhAK6aIYO9XOjdptoxU/nLQcPvs=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.4 h1:OHVyt3TopwtUQ2GKdd5wu3PmmipR4FTwCqoEjSyRdIc=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.4/go.mod h1:5GB2vv4A4AOn3yk7MftYGHkUfGtDHnEraIjym4dYz5A=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.0 h1:2aQv6F436YnN7I4VbI8PPYrBhu+SmrTaADcf8Mi/6PU=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.1/go.mod h1:IJHfcCEKxYu1Os13ZdwCwIUTUVGYTSAM3YSwc9/Ac1g=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.4 h1:lrneYvz923dvC14R54XcA7FXoZ3mlGZAgmwhfm7HqOg=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.4/go.mod h1:IJHfcCEKxYu1Os13ZdwCwIUTUVGYTSAM3YSwc9/Ac1g=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.0 h1:ftQ0nOOHMcbMS3KIaDQ0g5Qcd6bhaBrQT6b89DfwLTs=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.1/go.mod h1:pMEacxZW7o8pg4CrFE7pquyCJJzZvkvdD2RibOCCCGs=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.4 h1:Dcx3/MYyfKcPNLpR4VVQUP5KgYrBeJtktBwEKkw08Ao=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.4/go.mod h1:Ud+VUwIi9/uQHOMA+4ekToJ12lTxlv0zB/+DHwTGEbU=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.0 h1:62Eh0XOro+rDwkrypAGDfgmNh5Joq+z+W9HZdlXMzek=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.0/go.mod h1:AIKXXVX/DQXtfTEqBryiLTUXwON+GuvO6Z7lLS/oTh0=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.4 h1:p83BUL3tAYS0OT/r0qglgc3M1JjhM0diV8DSWAhVXv4=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.4/go.mod h1:ZaRkVgBZC+L+dLCjTcF1hRXpgZXQPOvnA/Ak/gq3kiY=
@@ -1330,6 +1398,7 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0 h1:xJvq7gMzB31/d406fB8U5CBdyQGw4P399D1aQWU
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0/go.mod h1:keN8WnHxOy8PG0rQZjJJ5A2ebUoafqWp0eVQ4yIXvJ4=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.7.0 h1:jX1VolD6nHuFzOYso2E73H85i92Mv8JQYk0K9vz09os=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.7.0/go.mod h1:fSKjH6YJ7HDlwzltzyMj036AJ3ejJLCgCSHGj4efDDo=
+go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0 h1:9qC72Qh0+3MqyJbAn8YU5xVq1frD8bn3JtD2oXtafVQ=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0/go.mod h1:LUxbIzbOniOlMKjJjyPfpl4v+PKK2cNJn91OQbhoJI0=
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2 h1:2LxUOGiR3O6tw8ui5sZa2LAaHnsviZdVOUZw4fvbnME=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.10.0/go.mod h1:20+QtiLqy0Nd6FdQB9TLXag12DsQkrbs3htMFfDN80Y=
@@ -1376,6 +1445,7 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20251008203120-078029d740a8 h1:LvzTn0GQhWuvKH/kVRS3R3bVAsdQWI7hvfLHGgh9+lU=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20251008203120-078029d740a8/go.mod h1:Pi4ztBfryZoJEkyFTI5/Ocsu2jXyDr6iSdgJiYE/uwE=
+golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20260109210033-bd525da824e2 h1:O1cMQHRfwNpDfDJerqRoE2oD+AFlyid87D40L/OkkJo=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20260109210033-bd525da824e2/go.mod h1:b7fPSJ0pKZ3ccUh8gnTONJxhn3c/PS6tyzQvyqw4iA8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.32.0/go.mod h1:uZG1FhGx848Sqfsq4/DlJr3xGGsYMu/L5GW4abiaEPQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.16.0/go.mod h1:GhwF1Be+LQoKShO3cGOHzqOgRrGaYc9AvblQOmPVHnI=
@@ -1392,6 +1462,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hpksKq4dtpQWS1uQ61JkdqWM3LscIS6Slf+VVkm+wQk
 golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0/go.mod h1:pnu6ufv6vQkll6szChhK3C3L/ruaIv5eBeztNG8wtsI=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0/go.mod h1:TPVVj70c7JJ3WCazhD8OdXcZg/og+b9+tH/KxylGwH0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0/go.mod h1:MBN5QPQtLMHVdvsbtarmTNukZDdgwdwlO5qGacAzF0w=
+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2 h1:H2TDz8ibqkAF6YGhCdN3jS9O0/s90v0rJh3X/OLHEUk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20240903120638-7835f813f4da h1:noIWHXmPHxILtqtCOPIhSt0ABwskkZKjD3bXGnZGpNY=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20240903120638-7835f813f4da/go.mod h1:NDW/Ps6MPRej6fsCIbMTohpP40sJ/P/vI1MoTEGwX90=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.11.0 h1:f1IJhK4Km5tBJmaiJXtk/PkL4cdVX6J+tGiM187uT5E=
@@ -1404,6 +1475,7 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.237.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkK
 google.golang.org/api v0.239.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
 google.golang.org/api v0.247.0 h1:tSd/e0QrUlLsrwMKmkbQhYVa109qIintOls2Wh6bngc=
 google.golang.org/api v0.247.0/go.mod h1:r1qZOPmxXffXg6xS5uhx16Fa/UFY8QU/K4bfKrnvovM=
+google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 h1:FZR1q0exgwxzPzp/aF+VccGrSfxfPpkBqjIIEq3ru6c=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8 h1:IhEN5q69dyKagZPYMSdIjS2HqprW324FRQZJcGqPAsM=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8/go.mod h1:1jJ3jBArFh5pcgW8gCtRJnepW8FzD1V44FJffLiz/Ds=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20211129164237-f09f9a12af12/go.mod h1:5CzLGKJ67TSI2B9POpiiyGha0AjJvZIUgRMt1dSmuhc=
@@ -1443,6 +1515,7 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojt
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6 h1:jMFz6MfLP0/4fUyZle81rXUoxOBFi19VUFKVDOQfozc=
+gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 v1.0.25 h1:Ev7yu1/f6+d+b3pi5vPdRPc6nNtP1umSfcWiEfRqv6I=
 gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 v1.0.28 h1:n1tBJnnK2r7g9OW2btFH91V92STTUevLXYFb8gy9EMk=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0 h1:0vLT13EuvQ0hNvakwLuFZ/jYrLp5F3kcWHXdRggjCE8=
 gopkg.in/evanphx/json-patch.v4 v4.13.0 h1:czT3CmqEaQ1aanPc5SdlgQrrEIb8w/wwCvWWnfEbYzo=
@@ -1461,6 +1534,7 @@ gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0 h1:2dxzU8xJ+ivvqTRph34QX+WrRaJlmfyPqXmoGVjMBa4=
 gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0/go.mod h1:vUw0mrGgrTK+uPHEhAdV4sfFELrByKVGnaVRkXDhtWo=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1 h1:lSHg33jJTBxs2mgJRfRZeLDG+WZaHYCk3Wtfl6Ngzo4=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1/go.mod h1:8Z33v652h4//uMA76KjeDH8mJXPm1QNCYrMeatR0DOE=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.2 h1:7koQfIKdy+I8UTetycgUqXWSDwpgv193Ka+qRsmBY8Q=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.2/go.mod h1:LtdLGcnqToBH83WByAAi/wiwSFCArdFIUV/xxN4pcjA=
 k8s.io/api v0.35.0 h1:iBAU5LTyBI9vw3L5glmat1njFK34srdLmktWwLTprlY=
 k8s.io/api v0.35.0/go.mod h1:AQ0SNTzm4ZAczM03QH42c7l3bih1TbAXYo0DkF8ktnA=
diff --git a/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py b/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py
index ac3e39afa2..6acc7a4ce5 100644
--- a/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py
+++ b/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
 # Does not need to be thread safe, each thread should only be writing to its own index
 global_accounts_mapping = {}
 home_path = os.path.expanduser('~')
+seid_bin = os.environ.get('SEID_BIN', os.path.join(home_path, 'go', 'bin', 'seid'))
+sei_home_dir = os.environ.get('SEI_HOME_DIR', os.path.join(home_path, '.sei'))
 
 def add_key(account_name, local=False):
     if local:
-        add_key_cmd = f"yes | ~/go/bin/seid keys add {account_name} --keyring-backend test"
+        add_key_cmd = f"yes | {seid_bin} keys add {account_name} --keyring-backend test --home {sei_home_dir}"
     else:
-        add_key_cmd = f"printf '12345678\n' | ~/go/bin/seid keys add {account_name}"
+        add_key_cmd = f"printf '12345678\n' | {seid_bin} keys add {account_name} --home {sei_home_dir}"
     add_key_output = subprocess.check_output(
         [add_key_cmd],
         stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ def main():
     if len(args) > 1 and args[1] == "loc":
         is_local = True
 
-    genesis_json_file_path = f"{home_path}/.sei/config/genesis.json"
+    genesis_json_file_path = os.path.join(sei_home_dir, 'config', 'genesis.json')
     genesis_file = read_genesis_file(genesis_json_file_path)
 
     num_threads = max(1, number_of_accounts // PARALLEISM)
diff --git a/scripts/benchmark.sh b/scripts/benchmark.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 4fdbe8c717..0000000000
--- a/scripts/benchmark.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-# require success for commands
-set -e
-
-# Parse command line arguments
-MOCK_BALANCES=${MOCK_BALANCES:-true}
-GIGA_EXECUTOR=${GIGA_EXECUTOR:-false}
-GIGA_OCC=${GIGA_OCC:-false}
-BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
-DISABLE_INDEXER=${DISABLE_INDEXER:-true}
-# Debug mode - if true, prints all log output without filtering
-DEBUG=${DEBUG:-false}
-# Benchmark scenario config (path to JSON file, see scripts/scenarios/)
-BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"scripts/scenarios/evm.json"}
-
-# DB_BACKEND options:
-#   goleveldb - default, pure Go, can have compaction stalls under heavy write load
-#   memdb     - in-memory only, fastest (no disk I/O), data lost on restart
-#   cleveldb  - C LevelDB, faster than goleveldb, requires CGO
-#   rocksdb   - best compaction control, requires CGO and rocksdb libs
-DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
-
-# Use python3 as default, but fall back to python if python3 doesn't exist
-PYTHON_CMD=python3
-if ! command -v $PYTHON_CMD &> /dev/null
-then
-    PYTHON_CMD=python
-fi
-
-# set key name
-keyname=admin
-
-# Display configuration
-echo "=== Benchmark Configuration ==="
-echo "  MOCK_BALANCES:           $MOCK_BALANCES"
-echo "  GIGA_EXECUTOR:           $GIGA_EXECUTOR"
-echo "  GIGA_OCC:                $GIGA_OCC"
-echo "  DB_BACKEND:              $DB_BACKEND"
-echo "  BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH: $BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH"
-echo "  DISABLE_INDEXER:         $DISABLE_INDEXER"
-echo "  DEBUG:                   $DEBUG"
-echo "  BENCHMARK_CONFIG:        ${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-(default: EVMTransfer)}"
-echo ""
-echo "Available scenarios in scripts/scenarios/:"
-ls -1 scripts/scenarios/*.json 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/    /' || echo "    (none found)"
-echo "================================"
-
-# clean up old sei directory
-rm -rf ~/.sei
-echo "Building..."
-
-# Determine build options based on DB_BACKEND
-BUILD_TAGS=""
-case "$DB_BACKEND" in
-  cleveldb)
-    echo "Building with cleveldb support (C LevelDB - faster)..."
-    BUILD_TAGS="cleveldb"
-    ;;
-  rocksdb)
-    echo "Building with rocksdb support (best compaction control)..."
-    BUILD_TAGS="rocksdb"
-    ;;
-  goleveldb|memdb)
-    echo "Building with default goleveldb support..."
-    ;;
-  *)
-    echo "ERROR: Unknown DB_BACKEND '$DB_BACKEND'. Valid options: goleveldb, memdb, cleveldb, rocksdb"
-    exit 1
-    ;;
-esac
-
-# install seid with benchmark support (includes mock_balances)
-echo "Building with benchmark and mock balances support enabled..."
-if [ -n "$BUILD_TAGS" ]; then
-  COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make install-bench
-else
-  make install-bench
-fi
-# initialize chain with chain ID and add the first key
-~/go/bin/seid init demo --chain-id sei-chain
-~/go/bin/seid keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test
-# add the key as a genesis account with massive balances of several different tokens
-~/go/bin/seid add-genesis-account $(~/go/bin/seid keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test) 100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom --keyring-backend test
-# gentx for account
-~/go/bin/seid gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test
-# add validator information to genesis file
-KEY=$(jq '.pub_key' ~/.sei/config/priv_validator_key.json -c)
-jq '.validators = [{}]' ~/.sei/config/genesis.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json
-jq '.validators[0] += {"power":"7000000000"}' ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_2.json
-jq '.validators[0] += {"pub_key":'$KEY'}' ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_2.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_3.json
-mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_3.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json && rm ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && rm ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_2.json
-
-echo "Creating Accounts"
-# create 10 test accounts + fund them
-python3  loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py 20 loc
-
-~/go/bin/seid collect-gentxs
-# update some params in genesis file for easier use of the chain localls (make gov props faster)
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["deposit_params"]["max_deposit_period"]="60s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["voting_period"]="30s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["expedited_voting_period"]="10s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["vote_period"]="2"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["evm"]["params"]["target_gas_used_per_block"]="1000000000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["whitelist"]=[{"name": "ueth"},{"name": "ubtc"},{"name": "uusdc"},{"name": "uusdt"},{"name": "uosmo"},{"name": "uatom"},{"name": "usei"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["distribution"]["params"]["community_tax"]="0.000000000000000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas"]="100000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["min_txs_in_block"]="2"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas_wanted"]="150000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["staking"]["params"]["max_voting_power_ratio"]="1.000000000000000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["bank"]["denom_metadata"]=[{"denom_units":[{"denom":"usei","exponent":0,"aliases":["USEI"]}],"base":"usei","display":"usei","name":"USEI","symbol":"USEI"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-
-# Use the Python command to get the dates
-START_DATE=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime; print(datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
-END_DATE_3DAYS=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=3)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
-END_DATE_5DAYS=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=5)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
-
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq --arg start_date "$START_DATE" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"]=[{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq --arg start_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_5DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"] += [{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-
-if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
-  APP_TOML_PATH="$2"
-else
-  APP_TOML_PATH="$HOME/.sei/config/app.toml"
-fi
-# Enable OCC and SeiDB
-sed -i.bak -e 's/# concurrency-workers = .*/concurrency-workers = 500/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-sed -i.bak -e 's/occ-enabled = .*/occ-enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-sed -i.bak -e 's/sc-enable = .*/sc-enable = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-sed -i.bak -e 's/ss-enable = .*/ss-enable = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-
-# Enable Giga Executor (evmone-based) if requested
-if [ "$GIGA_EXECUTOR" = true ]; then
-  echo "Enabling Giga Executor (evmone-based EVM)..."
-  if grep -q "\[giga_executor\]" $APP_TOML_PATH; then
-    # If the section exists, update enabled to true
-    if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-      sed -i '' '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-    else
-      sed -i '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-    fi
-  else
-    # If section doesn't exist, append it
-    echo "" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
-    echo "[giga_executor]" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
-    echo "enabled = true" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
-    echo "occ_enabled = false" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
-  fi
-
-  # Set OCC based on GIGA_OCC flag
-  if [ "$GIGA_OCC" = true ]; then
-    echo "Enabling OCC for Giga Executor..."
-    if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-    else
-      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-    fi
-  else
-    echo "Disabling OCC for Giga Executor (sequential mode)..."
-    if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-    else
-      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-    fi
-  fi
-fi
-
-# set block time to 2s
-if [ ! -z "$1" ]; then
-  CONFIG_PATH="$1"
-else
-  CONFIG_PATH="$HOME/.sei/config/config.toml"
-fi
-
-if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
-  APP_PATH="$2"
-else
-  APP_PATH="$HOME/.sei/config/app.toml"
-fi
-
-if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "linux-gnu"* ]]; then
-  sed -i 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-  if [ "$DISABLE_INDEXER" = true ]; then
-    sed -i 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-    echo "Indexer disabled"
-  fi
-  sed -i 's/skip_timeout_commit =.*/skip_timeout_commit = false/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-  sed -i 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-  # Set the DB backend
-  sed -i "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" $CONFIG_PATH
-  echo "DB backend set to: $DB_BACKEND"
-elif [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-  sed -i '' 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-  if [ "$DISABLE_INDEXER" = true ]; then
-    sed -i '' 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-    echo "Indexer disabled"
-  fi
-  sed -i '' 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-  # Set the DB backend
-  sed -i '' "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" $CONFIG_PATH
-  echo "DB backend set to: $DB_BACKEND"
-else
-  printf "Platform not supported, please ensure that the following values are set in your config.toml:\n"
-  printf "###         Consensus Configuration Options         ###\n"
-  printf "\t timeout_prevote = \"2000ms\"\n"
-  printf "\t timeout_precommit = \"2000ms\"\n"
-  printf "\t timeout_commit = \"2000ms\"\n"
-  printf "\t skip_timeout_commit = false\n"
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-~/go/bin/seid config keyring-backend test
-
-# start the chain with log tracing
-# Benchmark mode is enabled via build tag, no --benchmark flag needed
-echo ""
-echo "=== pprof enabled at http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof ==="
-echo "To capture 30s CPU profile during benchmark:"
-echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30"
-echo "To capture heap profile:"
-echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/heap"
-echo "============================================================"
-echo ""
-if [ "$DEBUG" = true ]; then
-  # Debug mode: print all output
-  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH ~/go/bin/seid start --chain-id sei-chain
-else
-  # Normal mode: filter to benchmark-related output only
-  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH ~/go/bin/seid start --chain-id sei-chain 2>&1 | grep -E "(benchmark|Benchmark|deployed|transitioning)"
-fi
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aac3aeaab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+package cachekv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/internal/conv"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/tracekv"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
+)
+
+// FastStore is a single-goroutine cachekv store using plain maps instead of sync.Map.
+// It MUST NOT be used from multiple goroutines concurrently.
+// Use this for snapshot stores in the giga executor path where each store is
+// owned by a single task goroutine.
+type FastStore struct {
+	cache    map[string]*types.CValue
+	deleted  map[string]struct{}
+	parent   types.KVStore
+	storeKey types.StoreKey
+}
+
+var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*FastStore)(nil)
+
+// NewFastStore creates a new FastStore backed by plain maps.
+func NewFastStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey) *FastStore {
+	return &FastStore{
+		cache:    make(map[string]*types.CValue),
+		deleted:  make(map[string]struct{}),
+		parent:   parent,
+		storeKey: storeKey,
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
+	panic("should never attempt to get working hash from cache kv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetStoreType() types.StoreType {
+	return store.parent.GetStoreType()
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Get(key []byte) []byte {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	if cv, ok := store.cache[keyStr]; ok {
+		return cv.Value()
+	}
+	return store.parent.Get(key)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Set(key []byte, value []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	types.AssertValidValue(value)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, value, false, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Has(key []byte) bool {
+	return store.Get(key) != nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Delete(key []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, nil, true, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Write() {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(store.cache))
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		if v.Dirty() {
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, del := store.deleted[key]; del {
+			store.parent.Delete([]byte(key))
+			continue
+		}
+		if cv, ok := store.cache[key]; ok && cv.Value() != nil {
+			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cv.Value())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Clear maps for reuse instead of creating new ones.
+	clear(store.cache)
+	clear(store.deleted)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrap(storeKey types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(store, storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrapWithTrace(storeKey types.StoreKey, w io.Writer, tc types.TraceContext) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(tracekv.NewStore(store, w, tc), storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Iterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected iterator call on fast cachekv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) ReverseIterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected reverse iterator call on fast cachekv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) VersionExists(version int64) bool {
+	return store.parent.VersionExists(version)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) setCacheValue(key, value []byte, deleted bool, dirty bool) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	store.cache[keyStr] = types.NewCValue(value, dirty)
+	if deleted {
+		store.deleted[keyStr] = struct{}{}
+	} else {
+		delete(store.deleted, keyStr)
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetParent() types.KVStore {
+	return store.parent
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) DeleteAll(start, end []byte) error {
+	for _, k := range store.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		store.Delete([]byte(k))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end []byte) (res []string) {
+	keyStrs := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, pk := range store.parent.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		keyStrs[pk] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		kbz := []byte(k)
+		if bytes.Compare(kbz, start) < 0 || bytes.Compare(kbz, end) >= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if v.Value() == nil {
+			delete(keyStrs, k)
+		} else {
+			keyStrs[k] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	for k := range keyStrs {
+		res = append(res, k)
+	}
+	return res
+}
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index eb4f8bce05..3e156c6b9a 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ type Store struct {
 	materializeOnce *sync.Once
 
 	closers []io.Closer
+
+	fast bool // when true, lazy store creation uses FastStore (plain maps)
+
+	// Lazy OCC handlers: when set, stores/gigaStores are created on-demand
+	// rather than eagerly for all keys. Only stores actually accessed during
+	// transaction execution are materialized.
+	kvHandler   func(types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap
+	gigaHandler func(types.StoreKey) types.KVStore
 }
 
 var _ types.CacheMultiStore = Store{}
@@ -132,6 +140,99 @@ func newCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
 	return NewFromKVStore(cms.db, stores, gigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
 }
 
+// newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS creates a lightweight child CMS using plain-map
+// based stores instead of sync.Map-based stores. The child CMS is intended for
+// single-goroutine use only (giga executor snapshot path).
+//
+// Stores are created lazily: only when actually accessed by the transaction.
+// This avoids allocating ~50 cachekv/FastStore wrappers per Snapshot when
+// only 3-4 stores are typically touched.
+func newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
+	// Collect both materialized stores and unmaterialized parents as parents
+	// for the child CMS. The child's getOrCreateStore will create FastStores
+	// lazily on demand, avoiding the cost of eagerly creating wrappers for
+	// all ~50 store keys.
+	cms.mu.RLock()
+	parentCount := len(cms.stores) + len(cms.parents)
+	parents := make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper, parentCount)
+	for k, v := range cms.stores {
+		parents[k] = v
+	}
+	for k, v := range cms.parents {
+		parents[k] = v
+	}
+	cms.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	// Capture parent's giga stores and handler for the child's lazy resolution.
+	// The parent may have a gigaHandler (e.g. OCC lazy stores) that can create
+	// giga stores not yet populated in cms.gigaStores.
+	parentGigaStores := cms.gigaStores
+	parentGigaHandler := cms.gigaHandler
+
+	child := newFastFromKVStore(cms.db, parents, parentGigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
+
+	// Chain the parent's gigaHandler so the child can resolve giga stores
+	// that the parent hasn't lazily created yet.
+	if parentGigaHandler != nil {
+		childHandler := child.gigaHandler
+		child.gigaHandler = func(sk types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
+			if s := childHandler(sk); s != nil {
+				return s
+			}
+			// Parent store not yet populated - create via parent's handler
+			if gs := parentGigaHandler(sk); gs != nil {
+				parentGigaStores[sk] = gs // cache in parent for future snapshots
+				return gigacachekv.NewFastStore(gs, sk)
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return child
+}
+
+// newFastFromKVStore is like NewFromKVStore but uses plain-map FastStore types
+// instead of sync.Map-based stores. Single-goroutine use only.
+func newFastFromKVStore(
+	store types.KVStore, stores map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper,
+	gigaStores map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore,
+	keys map[string]types.StoreKey, gigaKeys []types.StoreKey,
+	traceWriter io.Writer, traceContext types.TraceContext,
+) Store {
+	cms := Store{
+		db:              cachekv.NewFastStore(store, nil),
+		stores:          make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrap, len(stores)),
+		parents:         make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper, len(stores)),
+		keys:            keys,
+		gigaKeys:        gigaKeys,
+		traceWriter:     traceWriter,
+		traceContext:    traceContext,
+		mu:              &sync.RWMutex{},
+		materializeOnce: &sync.Once{},
+		fast:            true,
+	}
+
+	for key, s := range stores {
+		cms.parents[key] = s
+	}
+
+	// Lazy giga store creation: wrap parent giga stores in FastStore only
+	// when first accessed. EVM snapshots typically touch only 3-4 stores out
+	// of ~20 giga keys, saving ~1.5GB of allocations.
+	cms.gigaStores = make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, 4)
+	cms.gigaHandler = func(sk types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
+		if gs, ok := gigaStores[sk]; ok {
+			return gigacachekv.NewFastStore(gs, sk)
+		}
+		if parent, ok := stores[sk]; ok {
+			return gigacachekv.NewFastStore(parent.(types.KVStore), sk)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return cms
+}
+
 // getOrCreateStore lazily creates a cachekv store from its parent on first access.
 // Thread-safe: concurrent callers (e.g. slashing BeginBlocker goroutines) may
 // call GetKVStore on the same CMS simultaneously.
@@ -152,6 +253,16 @@ func (cms Store) getOrCreateStore(key types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
 	if s, ok := cms.stores[key]; ok {
 		return s
 	}
+
+	// OCC lazy handler path: create VersionIndexedStore on demand.
+	if cms.kvHandler != nil {
+		s := cms.kvHandler(key)
+		if s != nil {
+			cms.stores[key] = s
+		}
+		return s
+	}
+
 	parent, ok := cms.parents[key]
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -160,7 +271,12 @@ func (cms Store) getOrCreateStore(key types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
 	if cms.TracingEnabled() {
 		cw = tracekv.NewStore(parent.(types.KVStore), cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
 	}
-	s := cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), key, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
+	var s types.CacheWrap
+	if cms.fast {
+		s = cachekv.NewFastStore(cw.(types.KVStore), key)
+	} else {
+		s = cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), key, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
+	}
 	cms.stores[key] = s
 	delete(cms.parents, key)
 	return s
@@ -228,6 +344,38 @@ func (cms Store) CacheMultiStore() types.CacheMultiStore {
 	return newCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms)
 }
 
+// CacheMultiStoreGiga creates a lightweight CMS using plain-map stores.
+// Only safe when the returned CMS will be used by a single goroutine (e.g.
+// giga executor snapshots within a single OCC task).
+func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreGiga() types.CacheMultiStore {
+	return newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms)
+}
+
+// CacheMultiStoreForOCC creates a hollow CMS where stores are created lazily
+// on first access via the provided handler functions. Unlike the previous
+// eager approach, this avoids creating VersionIndexedStores for all ~30 store
+// keys when only 3-4 are actually accessed per EVM transaction.
+func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
+	kvHandler func(sk types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap,
+	gigaHandler func(sk types.StoreKey) types.KVStore,
+) types.CacheMultiStore {
+	return Store{
+		db:              cachekv.NewFastStore(cms.db, nil),
+		stores:          make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrap, 8),
+		parents:         make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper),
+		keys:            cms.keys,
+		gigaKeys:        cms.gigaKeys,
+		gigaStores:      make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, len(cms.gigaKeys)),
+		traceWriter:     cms.traceWriter,
+		traceContext:    cms.traceContext,
+		mu:              &sync.RWMutex{},
+		materializeOnce: &sync.Once{},
+		fast:            true,
+		kvHandler:       kvHandler,
+		gigaHandler:     gigaHandler,
+	}
+}
+
 // CacheMultiStoreWithVersion implements the MultiStore interface. It will panic
 // as an already cached multi-store cannot load previous versions.
 //
@@ -257,15 +405,37 @@ func (cms Store) GetKVStore(key types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
 
 func (cms Store) GetGigaKVStore(key types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
 	store := cms.gigaStores[key]
-	if key == nil || store == nil {
+	if store != nil {
+		return store
+	}
+	// Lazy OCC handler path: create on demand.
+	if cms.gigaHandler != nil {
+		s := cms.gigaHandler(key)
+		if s != nil {
+			cms.gigaStores[key] = s
+			return s
+		}
+	}
+	if key == nil {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("giga kv store with key %v has not been registered in stores", key))
 	}
-	return store
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("giga kv store with key %v has not been registered in stores", key))
 }
 
 func (cms Store) IsStoreGiga(key types.StoreKey) bool {
-	_, ok := cms.gigaStores[key]
-	return ok
+	if _, ok := cms.gigaStores[key]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+	// With lazy OCC stores, gigaStores may not be populated yet.
+	// Check gigaKeys list if a gigaHandler is set.
+	if cms.gigaHandler != nil {
+		for _, gk := range cms.gigaKeys {
+			if gk == key {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
 }
 
 func (cms Store) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go
index 867d56d3f6..59dfc367bb 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go
@@ -4,11 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
-	"github.com/google/btree"
-)
-
-const (
-	multiVersionBTreeDegree = 2
 )
 
 type MultiVersionValue interface {
@@ -29,75 +24,60 @@ type MultiVersionValueItem interface {
 	Index() int
 }
 
+// multiVersionItem stores versioned values for a single key as a sorted
+// slice instead of a btree. Most keys are touched by only 1-3 transactions,
+// making a flat slice faster and far cheaper to allocate than a btree with
+// its FreeList and internal nodes (~392 bytes overhead per btree).
 type multiVersionItem struct {
-	valueTree *btree.BTree // contains versions values written to this key
-	mtx       sync.RWMutex // manages read + write accesses
+	items []*valueItem // sorted by index ascending
+	mtx   sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 var _ MultiVersionValue = (*multiVersionItem)(nil)
 
 func NewMultiVersionItem() *multiVersionItem {
 	return &multiVersionItem{
-		valueTree: btree.New(multiVersionBTreeDegree),
+		items: make([]*valueItem, 0, 2),
 	}
 }
 
-// GetLatest returns the latest written value to the btree, and returns a boolean indicating whether it was found.
+// GetLatest returns the latest written value (highest index).
 func (item *multiVersionItem) GetLatest() (MultiVersionValueItem, bool) {
 	item.mtx.RLock()
 	defer item.mtx.RUnlock()
 
-	bTreeItem := item.valueTree.Max()
-	if bTreeItem == nil {
+	if len(item.items) == 0 {
 		return nil, false
 	}
-	valueItem := bTreeItem.(*valueItem)
-	return valueItem, true
+	return item.items[len(item.items)-1], true
 }
 
-// GetLatestNonEstimate returns the latest written value that isn't an ESTIMATE and returns a boolean indicating whether it was found.
-// This can be used when we want to write finalized values, since ESTIMATEs can be considered to be irrelevant at that point
+// GetLatestNonEstimate returns the latest written value that isn't an ESTIMATE.
 func (item *multiVersionItem) GetLatestNonEstimate() (MultiVersionValueItem, bool) {
 	item.mtx.RLock()
 	defer item.mtx.RUnlock()
 
-	var vItem *valueItem
-	var found bool
-	item.valueTree.Descend(func(bTreeItem btree.Item) bool {
-		// only return if non-estimate
-		item := bTreeItem.(*valueItem)
-		if item.IsEstimate() {
-			// if estimate, continue
-			return true
+	for i := len(item.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if !item.items[i].estimate {
+			return item.items[i], true
 		}
-		// else we want to return
-		vItem = item
-		found = true
-		return false
-	})
-	return vItem, found
+	}
+	return nil, false
 }
 
-// GetLatest returns the latest written value to the btree prior to the index passed in, and returns a boolean indicating whether it was found.
-//
-// A `nil` value along with `found=true` indicates a deletion that has occurred and the underlying parent store doesn't need to be hit.
+// GetLatestBeforeIndex returns the latest value with index strictly less than
+// the given index. No temporary pivot object is allocated (unlike the btree
+// DescendLessOrEqual approach which allocated 34M pivot objects).
 func (item *multiVersionItem) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int) (MultiVersionValueItem, bool) {
 	item.mtx.RLock()
 	defer item.mtx.RUnlock()
 
-	// we want to find the value at the index that is LESS than the current index
-	pivot := &valueItem{index: index - 1}
-
-	var vItem *valueItem
-	var found bool
-	// start from pivot which contains our current index, and return on first item we hit.
-	// This will ensure we get the latest indexed value relative to our current index
-	item.valueTree.DescendLessOrEqual(pivot, func(bTreeItem btree.Item) bool {
-		vItem = bTreeItem.(*valueItem)
-		found = true
-		return false
-	})
-	return vItem, found
+	for i := len(item.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if item.items[i].index < index {
+			return item.items[i], true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) Set(index int, incarnation int, value []byte) {
@@ -105,31 +85,69 @@ func (item *multiVersionItem) Set(index int, incarnation int, value []byte) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	valueItem := NewValueItem(index, incarnation, value)
-	item.valueTree.ReplaceOrInsert(valueItem)
+	item.replaceOrInsert(&valueItem{
+		index:       index,
+		incarnation: incarnation,
+		value:       value,
+	})
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) Delete(index int, incarnation int) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	deletedItem := NewDeletedItem(index, incarnation)
-	item.valueTree.ReplaceOrInsert(deletedItem)
+	item.replaceOrInsert(&valueItem{
+		index:       index,
+		incarnation: incarnation,
+	})
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) Remove(index int) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	item.valueTree.Delete(&valueItem{index: index})
+	for i, v := range item.items {
+		if v.index == index {
+			item.items = append(item.items[:i], item.items[i+1:]...)
+			return
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) SetEstimate(index int, incarnation int) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	estimateItem := NewEstimateItem(index, incarnation)
-	item.valueTree.ReplaceOrInsert(estimateItem)
+	item.replaceOrInsert(&valueItem{
+		index:       index,
+		incarnation: incarnation,
+		estimate:    true,
+	})
+}
+
+// replaceOrInsert inserts vi into the sorted slice, replacing any existing
+// item with the same index.
+func (item *multiVersionItem) replaceOrInsert(vi *valueItem) {
+	n := len(item.items)
+	// Fast path: append if vi has the highest index (common case when
+	// transactions are processed in order).
+	if n == 0 || item.items[n-1].index < vi.index {
+		item.items = append(item.items, vi)
+		return
+	}
+	// Linear scan for the correct position.
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		if item.items[i].index == vi.index {
+			item.items[i] = vi
+			return
+		}
+		if item.items[i].index > vi.index {
+			item.items = append(item.items, nil)
+			copy(item.items[i+1:], item.items[i:])
+			item.items[i] = vi
+			return
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 type valueItem struct {
@@ -141,42 +159,31 @@ type valueItem struct {
 
 var _ MultiVersionValueItem = (*valueItem)(nil)
 
-// Index implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) Index() int {
 	return v.index
 }
 
-// Incarnation implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) Incarnation() int {
 	return v.incarnation
 }
 
-// IsDeleted implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) IsDeleted() bool {
 	return v.value == nil && !v.estimate
 }
 
-// IsEstimate implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) IsEstimate() bool {
 	return v.estimate
 }
 
-// Value implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) Value() []byte {
 	return v.value
 }
 
-// implement Less for btree.Item for valueItem
-func (i *valueItem) Less(other btree.Item) bool {
-	return i.index < other.(*valueItem).index
-}
-
 func NewValueItem(index int, incarnation int, value []byte) *valueItem {
 	return &valueItem{
 		index:       index,
 		incarnation: incarnation,
 		value:       value,
-		estimate:    false,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -184,7 +191,6 @@ func NewEstimateItem(index int, incarnation int) *valueItem {
 	return &valueItem{
 		index:       index,
 		incarnation: incarnation,
-		value:       nil,
 		estimate:    true,
 	}
 }
@@ -193,7 +199,5 @@ func NewDeletedItem(index int, incarnation int) *valueItem {
 	return &valueItem{
 		index:       index,
 		incarnation: incarnation,
-		value:       nil,
-		estimate:    false,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index 693be21ec5..34b3c704b0 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -37,206 +37,281 @@ type Iterateset []*iterationTracker
 
 var _ MultiVersionStore = (*Store)(nil)
 
-type Store struct {
-	// map that stores the key string -> MultiVersionValue mapping for accessing from a given key
-	multiVersionMap *sync.Map
-	// TODO: do we need to support iterators as well similar to how cachekv does it - yes
+// mvShardCount is the number of shards for the multiVersionMap.
+// Must be a power of two so the mask works correctly.
+// 256 shards (up from 64) reduces mutex contention ~4x with 24 OCC workers.
+const mvShardCount = 256
+
+// mvShard is a single shard of the multiversion map, using a plain map
+// guarded by a mutex. This avoids sync.Map's internal hash-trie node
+// allocations (~5.4 GB per 120s benchmark with sync.Map).
+type mvMapShard struct {
+	mu sync.Mutex
+	m  map[string]MultiVersionValue
+}
 
-	txWritesetKeys *sync.Map // map of tx index -> writeset keys []string
-	txReadSets     *sync.Map // map of tx index -> readset ReadSet
-	txIterateSets  *sync.Map // map of tx index -> iterateset Iterateset
+type Store struct {
+	// Sharded maps that store the key string -> MultiVersionValue mapping.
+	// Sharding reduces mutex contention when 24 OCC workers write
+	// concurrently.
+	mvShards [mvShardCount]mvMapShard
+
+	// Per-tx data indexed by tx absolute index. Pre-allocated as slices
+	// instead of sync.Map to avoid internal hash-trie node allocations
+	// (~90 sync.Map instances eliminated per block across all stores).
+	txWritesetKeys [][]string   // tx index -> writeset keys
+	txReadSets     []ReadSet    // tx index -> readset
+	txIterateSets  []Iterateset // tx index -> iterateset
 
 	parentStore types.KVStore
 }
 
+// mvShardIdx returns the shard index for a given string key using FNV-1a hash.
+func mvShardIdx(key string) uint32 {
+	h := uint32(2166136261)
+	for i := 0; i < len(key); i++ {
+		h ^= uint32(key[i])
+		h *= 16777619
+	}
+	return h & (mvShardCount - 1)
+}
+
+// mvShardIdxBytes returns the shard index for a byte-slice key using FNV-1a hash.
+// This avoids a string allocation when computing the shard for []byte keys.
+func mvShardIdxBytes(key []byte) uint32 {
+	h := uint32(2166136261)
+	for i := 0; i < len(key); i++ {
+		h ^= uint32(key[i])
+		h *= 16777619
+	}
+	return h & (mvShardCount - 1)
+}
+
 func NewMultiVersionStore(parentStore types.KVStore) *Store {
-	return &Store{
-		multiVersionMap: &sync.Map{},
-		txWritesetKeys:  &sync.Map{},
-		txReadSets:      &sync.Map{},
-		txIterateSets:   &sync.Map{},
-		parentStore:     parentStore,
+	return NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore, 0)
+}
+
+func NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore types.KVStore, txCount int) *Store {
+	s := &Store{
+		txWritesetKeys: make([][]string, txCount),
+		txReadSets:     make([]ReadSet, txCount),
+		txIterateSets:  make([]Iterateset, txCount),
+		parentStore:    parentStore,
+	}
+	for i := range s.mvShards {
+		s.mvShards[i].m = make(map[string]MultiVersionValue)
 	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// growSlices ensures per-tx slices can hold index. Called only on the
+// fallback path when NewMultiVersionStore was used without a tx count.
+func (s *Store) growSlices(index int) {
+	need := index + 1
+	if need <= len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		return
+	}
+	s.txWritesetKeys = append(s.txWritesetKeys, make([][]string, need-len(s.txWritesetKeys))...)
+	s.txReadSets = append(s.txReadSets, make([]ReadSet, need-len(s.txReadSets))...)
+	s.txIterateSets = append(s.txIterateSets, make([]Iterateset, need-len(s.txIterateSets))...)
 }
 
 // VersionedIndexedStore creates a new versioned index store for a given incarnation and transaction index
 func (s *Store) VersionedIndexedStore(index int, incarnation int, abortChannel chan occ.Abort) *VersionIndexedStore {
+	s.growSlices(index)
 	return NewVersionIndexedStore(s.parentStore, s, index, incarnation, abortChannel)
 }
 
 // GetLatest implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
-	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(keyString)
-	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdxBytes(key)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	// Go compiler optimizes m[string(b)] to avoid allocation when used
+	// directly as a map index expression.
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[string(key)]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
-	latestVal, found := mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatest()
+	latestVal, found := mvVal.GetLatest()
 	if !found {
-		return nil // this is possible IF there is are writeset that are then removed for that key
+		return nil
 	}
 	return latestVal
 }
 
 // GetLatestBeforeIndex implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
-	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(keyString)
-	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdxBytes(key)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[string(key)]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
-	val, found := mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
-	// otherwise, we may have found a value for that key, but its not written before the index passed in
+	val, found := mvVal.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
-	// found a value prior to the passed in index, return that value (could be estimate OR deleted, but it is a definitive value)
 	return val
 }
 
 // Has implements MultiVersionStore. It checks if the key exists in the multiversion store at or before the specified index.
 func (s *Store) Has(index int, key []byte) bool {
-
-	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(keyString)
-	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdxBytes(key)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[string(key)]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
-		return false // this is okay because the caller of this will THEN need to access the parent store to verify that the key doesnt exist there
+		return false
 	}
-	_, foundVal := mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
+	_, foundVal := mvVal.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
 	return foundVal
 }
 
 func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 	writeset := make(map[string][]byte)
 	if newWriteSet != nil {
-		// if non-nil writeset passed in, we can use that to optimize removals
 		writeset = newWriteSet
 	}
-	// if there is already a writeset existing, we should remove that fully
-	oldKeys, loaded := s.txWritesetKeys.LoadAndDelete(index)
-	if loaded {
-		keys := oldKeys.([]string)
-		// we need to delete all of the keys in the writeset from the multiversion store
+	if index >= len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		return
+	}
+	keys := s.txWritesetKeys[index]
+	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = nil
+	if keys != nil {
 		for _, key := range keys {
-			// small optimization to check if the new writeset is going to write this key, if so, we can leave it behind
 			if _, ok := writeset[key]; ok {
-				// we don't need to remove this key because it will be overwritten anyways - saves the operation of removing + rebalancing underlying btree
 				continue
 			}
-			// remove from the appropriate item if present in multiVersionMap
-			mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(key)
-			// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+			shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+			shard.mu.Lock()
+			mvVal, found := shard.m[key]
+			shard.mu.Unlock()
 			if !found {
 				continue
 			}
-			mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).Remove(index)
+			mvVal.Remove(index)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // SetWriteset sets a writeset for a transaction index, and also writes all of the multiversion items in the writeset to the multiversion store.
-// TODO: returns a list of NEW keys added
 func (s *Store) SetWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
-	// TODO: add telemetry spans
-	// remove old writeset if it exists
+	s.growSlices(index)
 	s.removeOldWriteset(index, writeset)
 
 	writeSetKeys := make([]string, 0, len(writeset))
 	for key, value := range writeset {
 		writeSetKeys = append(writeSetKeys, key)
-		loadVal, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
-		mvVal := loadVal.(MultiVersionValue)
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		mvVal, ok := shard.m[key]
+		if !ok {
+			mvVal = NewMultiVersionItem()
+			shard.m[key] = mvVal
+		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
 		if value == nil {
-			// delete if nil value
-			// TODO: sync map
 			mvVal.Delete(index, incarnation)
 		} else {
 			mvVal.Set(index, incarnation, value)
 		}
 	}
-	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys) // TODO: if we're sorting here anyways, maybe we just put it into a btree instead of a slice
-	s.txWritesetKeys.Store(index, writeSetKeys)
+	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys)
+	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = writeSetKeys
 }
 
 // InvalidateWriteset iterates over the keys for the given index and incarnation writeset and replaces with ESTIMATEs
 func (s *Store) InvalidateWriteset(index int, incarnation int) {
-	keysAny, found := s.txWritesetKeys.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		return
+	}
+	keys := s.txWritesetKeys[index]
+	if keys == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	keys := keysAny.([]string)
 	for _, key := range keys {
-		// invalidate all of the writeset items - is this suboptimal? - we could potentially do concurrently if slow because locking is on an item specific level
-		val, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem())
-		val.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		mvVal, ok := shard.m[key]
+		if !ok {
+			mvVal = NewMultiVersionItem()
+			shard.m[key] = mvVal
+		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
+		mvVal.SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
-	// we leave the writeset in place because we'll need it for key removal later if/when we replace with a new writeset
 }
 
 // SetEstimatedWriteset is used to directly write estimates instead of writing a writeset and later invalidating
 func (s *Store) SetEstimatedWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
-	// remove old writeset if it exists
+	s.growSlices(index)
 	s.removeOldWriteset(index, writeset)
 
 	writeSetKeys := make([]string, 0, len(writeset))
-	// still need to save the writeset so we can remove the elements later:
 	for key := range writeset {
 		writeSetKeys = append(writeSetKeys, key)
 
-		mvVal, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
-		mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		mvVal, ok := shard.m[key]
+		if !ok {
+			mvVal = NewMultiVersionItem()
+			shard.m[key] = mvVal
+		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
+		mvVal.SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
 	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys)
-	s.txWritesetKeys.Store(index, writeSetKeys)
+	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = writeSetKeys
 }
 
 // GetAllWritesetKeys implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetAllWritesetKeys() map[int][]string {
 	writesetKeys := make(map[int][]string)
-	// TODO: is this safe?
-	s.txWritesetKeys.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
-		index := key.(int)
-		keys := value.([]string)
-		writesetKeys[index] = keys
-		return true
-	})
-
+	for i, keys := range s.txWritesetKeys {
+		if keys != nil {
+			writesetKeys[i] = keys
+		}
+	}
 	return writesetKeys
 }
 
 func (s *Store) SetReadset(index int, readset ReadSet) {
-	s.txReadSets.Store(index, readset)
+	s.growSlices(index)
+	s.txReadSets[index] = readset
 }
 
 func (s *Store) GetReadset(index int) ReadSet {
-	readsetAny, found := s.txReadSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txReadSets) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return readsetAny.(ReadSet)
+	return s.txReadSets[index]
 }
 
 func (s *Store) SetIterateset(index int, iterateset Iterateset) {
-	s.txIterateSets.Store(index, iterateset)
+	s.growSlices(index)
+	s.txIterateSets[index] = iterateset
 }
 
 func (s *Store) GetIterateset(index int) Iterateset {
-	iteratesetAny, found := s.txIterateSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txIterateSets) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return iteratesetAny.(Iterateset)
+	return s.txIterateSets[index]
 }
 
 func (s *Store) ClearReadset(index int) {
-	s.txReadSets.Delete(index)
+	if index < len(s.txReadSets) {
+		s.txReadSets[index] = nil
+	}
 }
 
 func (s *Store) ClearIterateset(index int) {
-	s.txIterateSets.Delete(index)
+	if index < len(s.txIterateSets) {
+		s.txIterateSets[index] = nil
+	}
 }
 
 // CollectIteratorItems implements MultiVersionStore. It will return a memDB containing all of the keys present in the multiversion store within the iteration range prior to (exclusive of) the index.
@@ -244,15 +319,16 @@ func (s *Store) CollectIteratorItems(index int) *db.MemDB {
 	sortedItems := db.NewMemDB()
 
 	// get all writeset keys prior to index
-	for i := 0; i < index; i++ {
-		writesetAny, found := s.txWritesetKeys.Load(i)
-		if !found {
+	limit := index
+	if limit > len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		limit = len(s.txWritesetKeys)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < limit; i++ {
+		indexedWriteset := s.txWritesetKeys[i]
+		if indexedWriteset == nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		indexedWriteset := writesetAny.([]string)
-		// TODO: do we want to exclude keys out of the range or just let the iterator handle it?
 		for _, key := range indexedWriteset {
-			// TODO: inefficient because (logn) for each key + rebalancing? maybe theres a better way to add to a tree to reduce rebalancing overhead
 			sortedItems.Set([]byte(key), []byte{})
 		}
 	}
@@ -319,28 +395,48 @@ func (s *Store) validateIterator(index int, tracker iterationTracker) bool {
 
 func (s *Store) checkIteratorAtIndex(index int) bool {
 	valid := true
-	iterateSetAny, found := s.txIterateSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txIterateSets) {
+		return true
+	}
+	iterateset := s.txIterateSets[index]
+	if iterateset == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	iterateset := iterateSetAny.(Iterateset)
 	for _, iterationTracker := range iterateset {
-		// TODO: if the value of the key is nil maybe we need to exclude it? - actually it should
 		iteratorValid := s.validateIterator(index, *iterationTracker)
 		valid = valid && iteratorValid
 	}
 	return valid
 }
 
+// getLatestBeforeIndexStr is like GetLatestBeforeIndex but takes a string key,
+// avoiding the string→[]byte→string round-trip in checkReadsetAtIndex.
+func (s *Store) getLatestBeforeIndexStr(index int, key string) MultiVersionValueItem {
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[key]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
+	if !found {
+		return nil
+	}
+	val, found := mvVal.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
+	if !found {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return val
+}
+
 func (s *Store) checkReadsetAtIndex(index int) (bool, []int) {
 	conflictSet := make(map[int]struct{})
 	valid := true
 
-	readSetAny, found := s.txReadSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txReadSets) {
+		return true, []int{}
+	}
+	readset := s.txReadSets[index]
+	if readset == nil {
 		return true, []int{}
 	}
-	readset := readSetAny.(ReadSet)
 	// iterate over readset and check if the value is the same as the latest value relateive to txIndex in the multiversion store
 	for key, valueArr := range readset {
 		if len(valueArr) != 1 {
@@ -349,7 +445,7 @@ func (s *Store) checkReadsetAtIndex(index int) (bool, []int) {
 		}
 		value := valueArr[0]
 		// get the latest value from the multiversion store
-		latestValue := s.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index, []byte(key))
+		latestValue := s.getLatestBeforeIndexStr(index, key)
 		if latestValue == nil {
 			// this is possible if we previously read a value from a transaction write that was later reverted, so this time we read from parent store
 			parentVal := s.parentStore.Get([]byte(key))
@@ -397,39 +493,28 @@ func (s *Store) ValidateTransactionState(index int) (bool, []int) {
 }
 
 func (s *Store) WriteLatestToStore() {
-	// sort the keys
-	keys := []string{}
-	s.multiVersionMap.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
-		keys = append(keys, key.(string))
-		return true
-	})
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		val, ok := s.multiVersionMap.Load(key)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		mvValue, found := val.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatestNonEstimate()
-		if !found {
-			// this means that at some point, there was an estimate, but we have since removed it so there isn't anything writeable at the key, so we can skip
-			continue
-		}
-		// we shouldn't have any ESTIMATE values when performing the write, because we read the latest non-estimate values only
-		if mvValue.IsEstimate() {
-			panic("should not have any estimate values when writing to parent store")
-		}
-		// if the value is deleted, then delete it from the parent store
-		if mvValue.IsDeleted() {
-			// We use []byte(key) instead of conv.UnsafeStrToBytes because we cannot
-			// be sure if the underlying store might do a save with the byteslice or
-			// not. Once we get confirmation that .Delete is guaranteed not to
-			// save the byteslice, then we can assume only a read-only copy is sufficient.
-			s.parentStore.Delete([]byte(key))
-			continue
-		}
-		if mvValue.Value() != nil {
-			s.parentStore.Set([]byte(key), mvValue.Value())
+	// Single-pass: iterate each shard once, writing directly to parent store.
+	// The parent (cachekv) sorts internally during Write(), so key ordering
+	// here is unnecessary. This avoids the key-collection slice, sort.Strings,
+	// and the double shard lookup of the previous two-pass approach.
+	for i := range s.mvShards {
+		shard := &s.mvShards[i]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		for key, mvVal := range shard.m {
+			mvValue, found := mvVal.GetLatestNonEstimate()
+			if !found {
+				continue
+			}
+			if mvValue.IsEstimate() {
+				shard.mu.Unlock()
+				panic("should not have any estimate values when writing to parent store")
+			}
+			if mvValue.IsDeleted() {
+				s.parentStore.Delete([]byte(key))
+			} else if mvValue.Value() != nil {
+				s.parentStore.Set([]byte(key), mvValue.Value())
+			}
 		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 }
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/address.go b/sei-cosmos/types/address.go
index 2761eb68d8..3ea081ef49 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/address.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/address.go
@@ -77,21 +77,20 @@ const (
 var (
 	// AccAddress.String() is expensive and if unoptimized dominantly showed up in profiles,
 	// yet has no mechanisms to trivially cache the result given that AccAddress is a []byte type.
-	accAddrMu     sync.Mutex
-	accAddrCache  *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
-	consAddrMu    sync.Mutex
-	consAddrCache *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
-	valAddrMu     sync.Mutex
-	valAddrCache  *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
+	//
+	// accAddrCacheMap uses sync.Map for lock-free concurrent reads. This eliminates
+	// the mutex contention that was causing ~35s of delay with 24 OCC workers.
+	// Trade-off: no LRU eviction (grows unbounded), but in practice the number of
+	// unique addresses is bounded by the number of accounts on chain.
+	accAddrCacheMap sync.Map
+	consAddrMu      sync.Mutex
+	consAddrCache   *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
+	valAddrMu       sync.Mutex
+	valAddrCache    *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
 )
 
 func init() {
 	var err error
-	// in total the cache size is 61k entries. Key is 32 bytes and value is around 50-70 bytes.
-	// That will make around 92 * 61k * 2 (LRU) bytes ~ 11 MB
-	if accAddrCache, err = simplelru.NewLRU[string, string](60000, nil); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
 	if consAddrCache, err = simplelru.NewLRU[string, string](500, nil); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -276,14 +275,17 @@ func (aa AccAddress) String() string {
 		return ""
 	}
 
-	var key = conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(aa)
-	accAddrMu.Lock()
-	defer accAddrMu.Unlock()
-	addr, ok := accAddrCache.Get(key)
-	if ok {
-		return addr
+	key := conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(aa)
+	if v, ok := accAddrCacheMap.Load(key); ok {
+		return v.(string)
 	}
-	return cacheBech32Addr(GetConfig().GetBech32AccountAddrPrefix(), aa, accAddrCache, key)
+	bech32Addr, err := bech32.ConvertAndEncode(GetConfig().GetBech32AccountAddrPrefix(), aa)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	// Store with a safe copy of the key (UnsafeBytesToStr shares underlying array)
+	accAddrCacheMap.Store(string(aa), bech32Addr)
+	return bech32Addr
 }
 
 // Format implements the fmt.Formatter interface.
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/context.go b/sei-cosmos/types/context.go
index 907d16eb50..0a98c9760e 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/context.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/context.go
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ type Context struct {
 
 	isTracing   bool
 	storeTracer gaskv.IStoreTracer
+
+	skipGasKV bool // skip gaskv wrapping in KVStore() (used by giga executor with infinite gas)
 }
 
 // Proposed rename, not done to avoid API breakage
@@ -357,6 +359,13 @@ func (c Context) WithGasMeter(meter GasMeter) Context {
 	return c
 }
 
+// WithSkipGasKV returns a Context that bypasses gaskv wrapping in KVStore().
+// Use this in hot paths like the giga executor where gas metering is infinite.
+func (c Context) WithSkipGasKV() Context {
+	c.skipGasKV = true
+	return c
+}
+
 // WithGasEstimate returns a Context with an updated gas estimate.
 func (c Context) WithGasEstimate(gasEstimate uint64) Context {
 	c.gasEstimate = gasEstimate
@@ -533,6 +542,9 @@ func (c Context) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
 
 // KVStore fetches a KVStore from the MultiStore.
 func (c Context) KVStore(key StoreKey) KVStore {
+	if c.skipGasKV {
+		return c.MultiStore().GetKVStore(key)
+	}
 	if c.isTracing {
 		if _, ok := c.nextStoreKeys[key.Name()]; ok {
 			return gaskv.NewStore(c.nextMs.GetKVStore(key), c.GasMeter(), stypes.KVGasConfig(), key.Name(), c.StoreTracer())
@@ -547,6 +559,9 @@ func (c Context) GigaKVStore(key StoreKey) KVStore {
 
 // TransientStore fetches a TransientStore from the MultiStore.
 func (c Context) TransientStore(key StoreKey) KVStore {
+	if c.skipGasKV {
+		return c.MultiStore().GetKVStore(key)
+	}
 	if c.isTracing {
 		if _, ok := c.nextStoreKeys[key.Name()]; ok {
 			return gaskv.NewStore(c.nextMs.GetKVStore(key), c.GasMeter(), stypes.TransientGasConfig(), key.Name(), c.StoreTracer())
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
index 2317720a9c..1405cc072d 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ import (
 type EventManager struct {
 	events Events
 
-	mtx sync.RWMutex
+	mtx  sync.RWMutex
+	noop bool // when true, all emit operations are no-ops (used for OCC tasks where events aren't collected)
 }
 
 // Common Event Types and Attributes
@@ -55,11 +56,24 @@ func NewEventManager() *EventManager {
 	return &em
 }
 
+// NewNoopEventManager creates an EventManager that discards all events.
+// Used in OCC task execution where events are never collected into the response.
+func NewNoopEventManager() *EventManager {
+	return &EventManager{noop: true}
+}
+
 func (em *EventManager) Events() Events { return em.events }
 
+// IsNoop returns true if this EventManager discards all events.
+// Callers can use this to skip expensive event object creation.
+func (em *EventManager) IsNoop() bool { return em.noop }
+
 // EmitEvent stores a single Event object.
 // Deprecated: Use EmitTypedEvent
 func (em *EventManager) EmitEvent(event Event) {
+	if em.noop {
+		return
+	}
 	em.mtx.Lock()
 	defer em.mtx.Unlock()
 	em.events = em.events.AppendEvent(event)
@@ -68,6 +82,9 @@ func (em *EventManager) EmitEvent(event Event) {
 // EmitEvents stores a series of Event objects.
 // Deprecated: Use EmitTypedEvents
 func (em *EventManager) EmitEvents(events Events) {
+	if em.noop {
+		return
+	}
 	em.mtx.Lock()
 	defer em.mtx.Unlock()
 	em.events = em.events.AppendEvents(events)
@@ -82,6 +99,9 @@ func (em *EventManager) ABCIEvents() []abci.Event {
 
 // EmitTypedEvent takes typed event and emits converting it into Event
 func (em *EventManager) EmitTypedEvent(tev proto.Message) error {
+	if em.noop {
+		return nil
+	}
 	event, err := TypedEventToEvent(tev)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -93,6 +113,9 @@ func (em *EventManager) EmitTypedEvent(tev proto.Message) error {
 
 // EmitTypedEvents takes series of typed events and emit
 func (em *EventManager) EmitTypedEvents(tevs ...proto.Message) error {
+	if em.noop {
+		return nil
+	}
 	events := make(Events, len(tevs))
 	for i, tev := range tevs {
 		res, err := TypedEventToEvent(tev)
@@ -347,29 +370,39 @@ func StringifyEvents(events []abci.Event) StringEvents {
 // MarkEventsToIndex returns the set of ABCI events, where each event's attribute
 // has it's index value marked based on the provided set of events to index.
 func MarkEventsToIndex(events []abci.Event, indexSet map[string]struct{}) []abci.Event {
+	if len(events) == 0 {
+		return events
+	}
 	indexAll := len(indexSet) == 0
-	updatedEvents := make([]abci.Event, len(events))
 
+	// Fast path: when indexing all attributes, set the flag in-place on the
+	// existing slice to avoid allocating a full copy (~3.9 GB / 30s saved).
+	if indexAll {
+		for i := range events {
+			for j := range events[i].Attributes {
+				events[i].Attributes[j].Index = true
+			}
+		}
+		return events
+	}
+
+	// Selective indexing: need per-attribute lookup, build key once per event type.
+	updatedEvents := make([]abci.Event, len(events))
 	for i, e := range events {
 		updatedEvent := abci.Event{
 			Type:       e.Type,
 			Attributes: make([]abci.EventAttribute, len(e.Attributes)),
 		}
-
 		for j, attr := range e.Attributes {
-			_, index := indexSet[fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", e.Type, attr.Key)]
-			updatedAttr := abci.EventAttribute{
+			_, index := indexSet[string(e.Type)+"."+string(attr.Key)]
+			updatedEvent.Attributes[j] = abci.EventAttribute{
 				Key:   attr.Key,
 				Value: attr.Value,
-				Index: index || indexAll,
+				Index: index,
 			}
-
-			updatedEvent.Attributes[j] = updatedAttr
 		}
-
 		updatedEvents[i] = updatedEvent
 	}
-
 	return updatedEvents
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go b/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go
index 8fa25269a0..89515aad1f 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go
@@ -112,12 +112,14 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 	}
 
 	for _, out := range outputs {
@@ -130,13 +132,15 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				types.EventTypeTransfer,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
-				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					types.EventTypeTransfer,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
+					sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 
 		// Create account if recipient does not exist.
 		//
@@ -187,18 +191,20 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) sendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx sdk.Context, fromAddr sd
 		return err
 	}
 
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
-		),
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
+			),
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -239,9 +245,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubUnlockedCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, a
 	}
 
 	// emit coin spent event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -266,9 +274,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.C
 	}
 
 	// emit coin received event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -359,7 +369,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiSpentEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -391,7 +401,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -418,14 +428,16 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SendCoinsAndWei(ctx sdk.Context, from sdk.AccAddress, to
 	if err := k.AddWei(ctx, to, wei); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 	if amt.GT(sdk.ZeroInt()) {
 		return k.SendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx, from, to, sdk.NewCoins(sdk.NewCoin(sdk.MustGetBaseDenom(), amt)))
 	}
diff --git a/sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go b/sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ad85e4066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//go:build benchmark
+
+package node
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/felixge/fgprof"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	// Register fgprof handler on DefaultServeMux alongside net/http/pprof.
+	// fgprof captures both on-CPU and off-CPU (I/O, blocking) time, unlike
+	// the standard CPU profiler which only sees on-CPU time.
+	http.DefaultServeMux.Handle("/debug/fgprof", fgprof.Handler())
+}
diff --git a/x/evm/keeper/abci.go b/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
index c742a6d9ab..9d73a52bc4 100644
--- a/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
+++ b/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
@@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ func (k *Keeper) EndBlock(ctx sdk.Context, height int64, blockGasUsed int64) {
 	evmTxDeferredInfoList := k.GetAllEVMTxDeferredInfo(ctx)
 	denom := k.GetBaseDenom(ctx)
 	surplus := k.GetAnteSurplusSum(ctx)
+	// Suppress events during coinbase sweep: per-tx coinbase transfers are
+	// internal bookkeeping (thousands of individual sends per block). These
+	// events are not user-visible and eliminating them avoids ~4GB of event
+	// allocations per benchmark run.
+	sweepCtx := ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 	for _, deferredInfo := range evmTxDeferredInfoList {
 		txHash := common.BytesToHash(deferredInfo.TxHash)
 		if deferredInfo.Error != "" && txHash.Cmp(ethtypes.EmptyTxsHash) != 0 {
@@ -111,12 +116,13 @@ func (k *Keeper) EndBlock(ctx sdk.Context, height int64, blockGasUsed int64) {
 		}
 		idx := int(deferredInfo.TxIndex)
 		coinbaseAddress := state.GetCoinbaseAddress(idx)
-		useiBalance := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, coinbaseAddress, denom).Amount
-		lockedUseiBalance := k.BankKeeper().LockedCoins(ctx, coinbaseAddress).AmountOf(denom)
-		balance := useiBalance.Sub(lockedUseiBalance)
-		weiBalance := k.BankKeeper().GetWeiBalance(ctx, coinbaseAddress)
+		// Per-tx coinbase addresses are temporary accounts created during OCC
+		// execution; they are never vesting accounts, so LockedCoins is always
+		// zero. Skip the expensive GetAccount + protobuf unmarshal per tx.
+		balance := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(sweepCtx, coinbaseAddress, denom).Amount
+		weiBalance := k.BankKeeper().GetWeiBalance(sweepCtx, coinbaseAddress)
 		if !balance.IsZero() || !weiBalance.IsZero() {
-			if err := k.BankKeeper().SendCoinsAndWei(ctx, coinbaseAddress, coinbase, balance, weiBalance); err != nil {
+			if err := k.BankKeeper().SendCoinsAndWei(sweepCtx, coinbaseAddress, coinbase, balance, weiBalance); err != nil {
 				ctx.Logger().Error(fmt.Sprintf("failed to send usei surplus from %s to coinbase account due to %s", coinbaseAddress.String(), err))
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/x/evm/keeper/log.go b/x/evm/keeper/log.go
index 8448287fc9..af62d1fd1d 100644
--- a/x/evm/keeper/log.go
+++ b/x/evm/keeper/log.go
@@ -51,9 +51,7 @@ func (k *Keeper) GetLegacyBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, height int64) (res ethtype
 func (k *Keeper) SetEvmOnlyBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, blooms []ethtypes.Bloom) {
 	blockBloom := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
 	for _, bloom := range blooms {
-		or := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
-		bitutil.ORBytes(or, blockBloom, bloom[:])
-		blockBloom = or
+		bitutil.ORBytes(blockBloom, blockBloom, bloom[:])
 	}
 	store := ctx.KVStore(k.storeKey)
 	store.Set(types.EvmOnlyBlockBloomPrefix, blockBloom)
@@ -62,9 +60,7 @@ func (k *Keeper) SetEvmOnlyBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, blooms []ethtypes.Bloom)
 func (k *Keeper) SetBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, blooms []ethtypes.Bloom) {
 	blockBloom := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
 	for _, bloom := range blooms {
-		or := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
-		bitutil.ORBytes(or, blockBloom, bloom[:])
-		blockBloom = or
+		bitutil.ORBytes(blockBloom, blockBloom, bloom[:])
 	}
 	store := ctx.KVStore(k.storeKey)
 	store.Set(types.BlockBloomPrefix, blockBloom)