From 7c2686f05b72a2e21831a98ea85d7edb65d5807d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 13:10:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/47] Add benchmark-compare script and agent context

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 CLAUDE.md                    |  57 ++++++
 scripts/benchmark-compare.sh | 361 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 418 insertions(+)
 create mode 100755 scripts/benchmark-compare.sh

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index ee69756150..86bedad48d 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -17,3 +17,60 @@ gofmt -s -l .
 ```
 
 This command should produce no output if all files are properly formatted.
+
+## Benchmarking
+
+### Single scenario
+
+```bash
+GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DEBUG=true scripts/benchmark.sh
+```
+
+TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). Extract with:
+
+```bash
+grep "tps=" /tmp/sei-benchmark.log | sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
+```
+
+### Parallel multi-scenario comparison
+
+Use `scripts/benchmark-compare.sh` to run multiple git commits side-by-side:
+
+```bash
+scripts/benchmark-compare.sh \
+  pre-opt=fd2e28d74 \
+  lazy-cms=82acf458d \
+  lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
+```
+
+Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Results are printed at the end with median/avg/min/max TPS. Raw data in `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/tps.txt`.
+
+Set `DURATION=600` (default) to control how long each run lasts.
+
+### Comparing results across sessions
+
+Cross-session benchmark numbers (TPS, total allocs) are not directly comparable. Only comparisons within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run are valid, since all scenarios share identical conditions.
+
+### Comparing pprof profiles
+
+Always use `pprof -diff_base` to compare profiles between benchmark runs. Never compare profiles side-by-side manually.
+
+```bash
+# CPU diff (positive = regression, negative = improvement)
+go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+
+# Allocation diff
+go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz
+```
+
+## PR Workflow
+
+- PRs stack on each other (never target main directly)
+- PR descriptions must include pre/post TPS benchmark comparison tables
+- All benchmarks run on the same machine — never mention hardware differences between runs
+- sei-tendermint CI failures are flaky and should be ignored
+
+## Planning
+
+- Planning docs live in `.planning/`, excluded from git
+- Profile artifacts go to `/tmp/sei-profile/`, not the repo
diff --git a/scripts/benchmark-compare.sh b/scripts/benchmark-compare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..788a82065e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/benchmark-compare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+
+
+
+
+#!/bin/bash
+# benchmark-compare.sh — Run multiple git commits as benchmarks in parallel
+#
+# Usage:
+#   scripts/benchmark-compare.sh <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]
+#
+# Example:
+#   scripts/benchmark-compare.sh \
+#     pre-opt=fd2e28d74 \
+#     lazy-cms=82acf458d \
+#     lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
+#
+# Each scenario gets its own seid binary, data dir, port set, and log file.
+# Init is sequential (fast, uses ~/.sei then moves). Run is parallel.
+# After DURATION seconds (default 600), all nodes stop and TPS stats are printed.
+#
+# Environment variables (same as benchmark.sh):
+#   GIGA_EXECUTOR=true/false  (default: true)
+#   GIGA_OCC=true/false       (default: true)
+#   BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH   (default: 1000)
+#   DURATION                   (default: 600 seconds)
+#   BENCHMARK_CONFIG           (default: scripts/scenarios/evm.json)
+
+set -e
+
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)"
+
+GIGA_EXECUTOR=${GIGA_EXECUTOR:-true}
+GIGA_OCC=${GIGA_OCC:-true}
+BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
+DURATION=${DURATION:-600}
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$REPO_ROOT/scripts/scenarios/evm.json"}
+BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench"
+
+PYTHON_CMD=python3
+if ! command -v $PYTHON_CMD &> /dev/null; then
+    PYTHON_CMD=python
+fi
+
+if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
+  echo "Usage: $0 <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]"
+  echo ""
+  echo "Example:"
+  echo "  DURATION=600 $0 pre-opt=fd2e28d74 lazy-cms=82acf458d fix=37a17fd02"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Parse arguments
+LABELS=()
+COMMITS=()
+for arg in "$@"; do
+  label="${arg%%=*}"
+  commit="${arg##*=}"
+  if [ "$label" = "$commit" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Invalid argument '$arg'. Use format label=commit"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  LABELS=("${LABELS[@]}" "$label")
+  COMMITS=("${COMMITS[@]}" "$commit")
+done
+
+NUM=${#LABELS[@]}
+
+echo "=== Parallel Benchmark Comparison ==="
+echo "  Scenarios:      $NUM"
+echo "  Duration:       ${DURATION}s"
+echo "  GIGA_EXECUTOR:  $GIGA_EXECUTOR"
+echo "  GIGA_OCC:       $GIGA_OCC"
+echo "  TXS_PER_BATCH:  $BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH"
+echo ""
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  echo "  [$((i+1))] ${LABELS[$i]} = ${COMMITS[$i]}"
+done
+echo ""
+
+# Save current ref to restore later
+ORIGINAL_BRANCH=$(git symbolic-ref --short HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo "")
+ORIGINAL_REF=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
+
+cleanup() {
+  echo ""
+  echo "Cleaning up..."
+  for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+    label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+    pkill -f "seid-${label}" 2>/dev/null || true
+  done
+  sleep 2
+  if [ -n "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" ]; then
+    git checkout "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" 2>/dev/null || true
+  else
+    git checkout "$ORIGINAL_REF" --detach 2>/dev/null || true
+  fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 1: Build all binaries (sequential, Go cache helps)
+# ============================================================
+echo "=== Phase 1: Building binaries ==="
+rm -rf "$BASE_DIR"
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  commit="${COMMITS[$i]}"
+  mkdir -p "$BASE_DIR/$label"
+
+  echo -n "  Building [$label] from ${commit}... "
+  git checkout "$commit" --detach 2>/dev/null
+  make install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+  cp ~/go/bin/seid "$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  echo "done"
+done
+echo ""
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 2: Initialize chains (sequential — python script uses ~/.sei)
+# ============================================================
+echo "=== Phase 2: Initializing chains ==="
+cd "$REPO_ROOT"
+keyname=admin
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  seid="$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  home_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/data"
+  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+
+  echo -n "  Initializing [$label]... "
+
+  # Use ~/.sei for init (python script requires it), then move
+  rm -rf ~/.sei
+  "$seid" init demo --chain-id sei-chain > /dev/null 2>&1
+  "$seid" keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
+  ADDR=$("$seid" keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test)
+  "$seid" add-genesis-account "$ADDR" \
+    100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom \
+    --keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
+  "$seid" gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei \
+    --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
+
+  # Validator setup
+  KEY=$(jq '.pub_key' ~/.sei/config/priv_validator_key.json -c)
+  jq '.validators = [{}]' ~/.sei/config/genesis.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp1.json
+  jq '.validators[0] += {"power":"7000000000"}' ~/.sei/config/tmp1.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp2.json
+  jq ".validators[0] += {\"pub_key\":$KEY}" ~/.sei/config/tmp2.json > ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
+  rm -f ~/.sei/config/tmp1.json ~/.sei/config/tmp2.json
+
+  # Create test accounts (requires ~/.sei)
+  python3 loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py 20 loc 2>/dev/null
+
+  "$seid" collect-gentxs > /dev/null 2>&1
+
+  # Genesis params
+  G=~/.sei/config/genesis.json
+  START_DATE=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime; print(datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
+  END_3=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=3)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
+  END_5=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=5)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
+
+  jq '.app_state.gov.deposit_params.max_deposit_period="60s"
+    | .app_state.gov.voting_params.voting_period="30s"
+    | .app_state.gov.voting_params.expedited_voting_period="10s"
+    | .app_state.oracle.params.vote_period="2"
+    | .app_state.evm.params.target_gas_used_per_block="1000000000000"
+    | .app_state.oracle.params.whitelist=[{"name":"ueth"},{"name":"ubtc"},{"name":"uusdc"},{"name":"uusdt"},{"name":"uosmo"},{"name":"uatom"},{"name":"usei"}]
+    | .app_state.distribution.params.community_tax="0.000000000000000000"
+    | .consensus_params.block.max_gas="100000000"
+    | .consensus_params.block.min_txs_in_block="2"
+    | .consensus_params.block.max_gas_wanted="150000000"
+    | .app_state.staking.params.max_voting_power_ratio="1.000000000000000000"
+    | .app_state.bank.denom_metadata=[{"denom_units":[{"denom":"usei","exponent":0,"aliases":["USEI"]}],"base":"usei","display":"usei","name":"USEI","symbol":"USEI"}]' \
+    "$G" > "${G}.tmp" && mv "${G}.tmp" "$G"
+
+  jq --arg sd "$START_DATE" --arg ed "$END_3" \
+    '.app_state.mint.params.token_release_schedule=[{"start_date":$sd,"end_date":$ed,"token_release_amount":"999999999999"}]' \
+    "$G" > "${G}.tmp" && mv "${G}.tmp" "$G"
+  jq --arg sd "$END_3" --arg ed "$END_5" \
+    '.app_state.mint.params.token_release_schedule += [{"start_date":$sd,"end_date":$ed,"token_release_amount":"999999999999"}]' \
+    "$G" > "${G}.tmp" && mv "${G}.tmp" "$G"
+
+  # Configure app.toml
+  A=~/.sei/config/app.toml
+  sed -i '' -e 's/# concurrency-workers = .*/concurrency-workers = 500/' "$A"
+  sed -i '' -e 's/occ-enabled = .*/occ-enabled = true/' "$A"
+  sed -i '' -e 's/sc-enable = .*/sc-enable = true/' "$A"
+  sed -i '' -e 's/ss-enable = .*/ss-enable = true/' "$A"
+
+  if [ "$GIGA_EXECUTOR" = true ]; then
+    if grep -q "\[giga_executor\]" "$A"; then
+      sed -i '' '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' "$A"
+    else
+      printf '\n[giga_executor]\nenabled = true\nocc_enabled = false\n' >> "$A"
+    fi
+    if [ "$GIGA_OCC" = true ]; then
+      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' "$A"
+    fi
+  fi
+
+  # Configure config.toml — mode, indexer, pprof, ports
+  C=~/.sei/config/config.toml
+  sed -i '' 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' "$C"
+  sed -i '' 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' "$C"
+
+  RPC=$((26657 + port_offset))
+  P2P=$((26656 + port_offset))
+  PPROF=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  GRPC=$((9090 + port_offset))
+  GRPCWEB=$((9091 + port_offset))
+  API=$((1317 + port_offset))
+  ROSETTA=$((8080 + port_offset))
+  EVM_HTTP=$((8545 + port_offset))
+  EVM_WS=$((8546 + port_offset))
+
+  sed -i '' "s|pprof-laddr = .*|pprof-laddr = \"localhost:${PPROF}\"|g" "$C"
+  sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26657\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${RPC}\"|g" "$C"
+  sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26656\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${P2P}\"|g" "$C"
+  sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9090\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPC}\"|g" "$A"
+  sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9091\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPCWEB}\"|g" "$A"
+  sed -i '' "s|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:1317\"|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:${API}\"|g" "$A"
+  sed -i '' "s|address = \":8080\"|address = \":${ROSETTA}\"|g" "$A"
+  sed -i '' "s|http_port = 8545|http_port = ${EVM_HTTP}|g" "$A"
+  sed -i '' "s|ws_port = 8546|ws_port = ${EVM_WS}|g" "$A"
+
+  "$seid" config keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
+
+  # Move setup to scenario dir
+  mv ~/.sei "$home_dir"
+  echo "done (RPC=$RPC pprof=$PPROF)"
+done
+echo ""
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 3: Run all nodes in parallel
+# ============================================================
+echo "=== Phase 3: Starting $NUM nodes (duration: ${DURATION}s) ==="
+NODE_PIDS=()
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  seid="$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  home_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/data"
+  log_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/output.log"
+
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG="$BENCHMARK_CONFIG" \
+  BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH="$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH" \
+  "$seid" start --chain-id sei-chain --home "$home_dir" \
+    > "$log_file" 2>&1 &
+  pid=$!
+  NODE_PIDS=("${NODE_PIDS[@]}" $pid)
+  echo "  [$label] PID=$pid log=$log_file"
+done
+echo ""
+echo "Running for ${DURATION}s..."
+
+# Wait until midway, then capture pprof profiles
+PPROF_WAIT=$(( DURATION / 2 ))
+echo "  Waiting ${PPROF_WAIT}s before capturing pprof profiles..."
+sleep "$PPROF_WAIT" || true
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Capturing pprof profiles (30s CPU + heap allocs) ==="
+PPROF_PIDS=()
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
+  mkdir -p "$profile_dir"
+
+  # CPU profile (30s)
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Heap (alloc_objects — total allocations)
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  echo "  [$label] capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $profile_dir/"
+done
+
+# Wait for all pprof captures to finish
+for pid in "${PPROF_PIDS[@]}"; do
+  wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+done
+echo "  pprof capture complete."
+
+# Verify profile sizes
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
+  cpu_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
+  heap_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
+  echo "  [$label] cpu=${cpu_size}B heap=${heap_size}B"
+done
+
+# Wait remaining time
+REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - 30 ))
+if [ "$REMAINING" -gt 0 ]; then
+  echo ""
+  echo "  Continuing benchmark for ${REMAINING}s..."
+  sleep "$REMAINING" || true
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "Stopping all nodes..."
+for pid in "${NODE_PIDS[@]}"; do
+  kill "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+done
+sleep 3
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase 4: Results
+# ============================================================
+echo ""
+echo "======================================================="
+echo "=== Benchmark Comparison Results (${DURATION}s run) ==="
+echo "======================================================="
+echo ""
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  commit="${COMMITS[$i]}"
+  log_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/output.log"
+  tps_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/tps.txt"
+
+  # Extract TPS (strip ANSI codes)
+  sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$log_file" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p' > "$tps_file"
+
+  HEIGHT=$(sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$log_file" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*height=\([0-9]*\).*/\1/p' | tail -1)
+
+  STATS=$(sort -n "$tps_file" | awk '
+    NR>3 && $1>1000 {
+      sum += $1; count++
+      a[count] = $1
+    }
+    END {
+      if (count == 0) { printf "NO DATA"; exit }
+      median = (count % 2 == 1) ? a[int(count/2)+1] : (a[int(count/2)] + a[int(count/2)+1]) / 2
+      printf "Readings: %d | Median: %.0f | Avg: %.0f | Min: %.0f | Max: %.0f", \
+        count, median, sum/count, a[1], a[count]
+    }')
+
+  echo "[$label] (${commit})"
+  echo "  Height: ${HEIGHT:-N/A}"
+  echo "  $STATS"
+  echo ""
+done
+
+echo "Raw data:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/tps.txt"
+echo "Full logs: $BASE_DIR/<label>/output.log"
+echo "Profiles:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/{cpu,heap}.pb.gz"
+echo ""
+echo "Compare allocs:"
+echo "  go tool pprof -alloc_space -top $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/heap.pb.gz"
+echo "Compare CPU:"
+echo "  go tool pprof -top $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"

From 57ec01812d0c149761c6d1412234bda10a830532 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 13:51:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/47] refactor: move benchmark scripts to benchmark/ and
 deduplicate init logic

benchmark-compare.sh duplicated ~120 lines of chain init/config from
benchmark.sh. This refactor adds env vars (SEI_HOME, PORT_OFFSET,
SEID_BIN, BENCHMARK_PHASE, LOG_FILE) to benchmark.sh and rewrites
benchmark-compare.sh as a thin orchestrator that delegates init/start
via those env vars.

- Move scripts/benchmark.sh -> benchmark/benchmark.sh
- Move scripts/benchmark-compare.sh -> benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
- Move scripts/scenarios/ -> benchmark/scenarios/
- Add benchmark/CLAUDE.md with benchmark docs
- Update path references in scenarios/README.md and app/benchmark/benchmark.go
- Global CLAUDE.md references benchmark/CLAUDE.md for benchmark context

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 CLAUDE.md                                     |  55 +---
 app/benchmark/benchmark.go                    |   2 +-
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md                           |  60 +++++
 {scripts => benchmark}/benchmark-compare.sh   | 180 +++++---------
 {scripts => benchmark}/benchmark.sh           | 235 +++++++++++++-----
 {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/README.md    |   8 +-
 {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/default.json |   0
 {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/erc20.json   |   0
 {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/evm.json     |   0
 {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/mixed.json   |   0
 10 files changed, 293 insertions(+), 247 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 benchmark/CLAUDE.md
 rename {scripts => benchmark}/benchmark-compare.sh (53%)
 rename {scripts => benchmark}/benchmark.sh (53%)
 rename {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/README.md (89%)
 rename {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/default.json (100%)
 rename {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/erc20.json (100%)
 rename {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/evm.json (100%)
 rename {scripts => benchmark}/scenarios/mixed.json (100%)

diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 86bedad48d..6a19a87161 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -20,57 +20,4 @@ This command should produce no output if all files are properly formatted.
 
 ## Benchmarking
 
-### Single scenario
-
-```bash
-GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DEBUG=true scripts/benchmark.sh
-```
-
-TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). Extract with:
-
-```bash
-grep "tps=" /tmp/sei-benchmark.log | sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
-```
-
-### Parallel multi-scenario comparison
-
-Use `scripts/benchmark-compare.sh` to run multiple git commits side-by-side:
-
-```bash
-scripts/benchmark-compare.sh \
-  pre-opt=fd2e28d74 \
-  lazy-cms=82acf458d \
-  lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
-```
-
-Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Results are printed at the end with median/avg/min/max TPS. Raw data in `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/tps.txt`.
-
-Set `DURATION=600` (default) to control how long each run lasts.
-
-### Comparing results across sessions
-
-Cross-session benchmark numbers (TPS, total allocs) are not directly comparable. Only comparisons within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run are valid, since all scenarios share identical conditions.
-
-### Comparing pprof profiles
-
-Always use `pprof -diff_base` to compare profiles between benchmark runs. Never compare profiles side-by-side manually.
-
-```bash
-# CPU diff (positive = regression, negative = improvement)
-go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
-
-# Allocation diff
-go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz
-```
-
-## PR Workflow
-
-- PRs stack on each other (never target main directly)
-- PR descriptions must include pre/post TPS benchmark comparison tables
-- All benchmarks run on the same machine — never mention hardware differences between runs
-- sei-tendermint CI failures are flaky and should be ignored
-
-## Planning
-
-- Planning docs live in `.planning/`, excluded from git
-- Profile artifacts go to `/tmp/sei-profile/`, not the repo
+See [benchmark/CLAUDE.md](benchmark/CLAUDE.md) for benchmark usage, environment variables, and comparison workflows.
diff --git a/app/benchmark/benchmark.go b/app/benchmark/benchmark.go
index 6d454f064b..05723059cd 100644
--- a/app/benchmark/benchmark.go
+++ b/app/benchmark/benchmark.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 //	proposalCh := gen.StartProposalChannel(ctx, benchLogger)
 //
 // The generator can be configured via JSON config files that follow the sei-load
-// LoadConfig format. See scripts/scenarios/ for example configurations.
+// LoadConfig format. See benchmark/scenarios/ for example configurations.
 package benchmark
 
 import (
diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8e03021a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Benchmark
+
+## Single scenario
+
+```bash
+GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DEBUG=true benchmark/benchmark.sh
+```
+
+TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). Extract with:
+
+```bash
+grep "tps=" /tmp/sei-benchmark.log | sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
+```
+
+## Environment variables
+
+| Var | Default | Purpose |
+|-----|---------|---------|
+| `SEI_HOME` | `$HOME/.sei` | Final chain data dir. If != ~/.sei, init in ~/.sei then `mv` |
+| `PORT_OFFSET` | `0` | Added to all ports (RPC, P2P, pprof, gRPC, etc.) |
+| `SEID_BIN` | `""` | Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build + copy to ~/go/bin/seid |
+| `BENCHMARK_PHASE` | `all` | `init` (build+init+configure), `start` (run node), `all` (both) |
+| `LOG_FILE` | `""` | Redirect seid output to file |
+| `BENCHMARK_CONFIG` | `benchmark/scenarios/evm.json` | Scenario config file |
+| `BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH` | `1000` | Transactions per batch |
+| `GIGA_EXECUTOR` | `false` | Enable evmone-based EVM executor |
+| `GIGA_OCC` | `false` | Enable OCC for Giga Executor |
+| `DB_BACKEND` | `goleveldb` | Database backend (goleveldb, memdb, cleveldb, rocksdb) |
+| `DEBUG` | `false` | Print all log output without filtering |
+
+## Parallel multi-scenario comparison
+
+Use `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh` to run multiple git commits side-by-side:
+
+```bash
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh \
+  pre-opt=fd2e28d74 \
+  lazy-cms=82acf458d \
+  lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
+```
+
+Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Results are printed at the end with median/avg/min/max TPS. Raw data in `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/tps.txt`.
+
+Set `DURATION=600` (default) to control how long each run lasts.
+
+## Comparing results across sessions
+
+Cross-session benchmark numbers (TPS, total allocs) are not directly comparable. Only comparisons within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run are valid, since all scenarios share identical conditions.
+
+## Comparing pprof profiles
+
+Always use `pprof -diff_base` to compare profiles between benchmark runs. Never compare profiles side-by-side manually.
+
+```bash
+# CPU diff (positive = regression, negative = improvement)
+go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+
+# Allocation diff
+go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz
+```
diff --git a/scripts/benchmark-compare.sh b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
similarity index 53%
rename from scripts/benchmark-compare.sh
rename to benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
index 788a82065e..a02b3db1f0 100755
--- a/scripts/benchmark-compare.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
-
-
-
-
 #!/bin/bash
 # benchmark-compare.sh — Run multiple git commits as benchmarks in parallel
 #
 # Usage:
-#   scripts/benchmark-compare.sh <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]
+#   benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]
 #
 # Example:
-#   scripts/benchmark-compare.sh \
+#   benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh \
 #     pre-opt=fd2e28d74 \
 #     lazy-cms=82acf458d \
 #     lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
@@ -23,24 +19,21 @@
 #   GIGA_OCC=true/false       (default: true)
 #   BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH   (default: 1000)
 #   DURATION                   (default: 600 seconds)
-#   BENCHMARK_CONFIG           (default: scripts/scenarios/evm.json)
+#   BENCHMARK_CONFIG           (default: benchmark/scenarios/evm.json)
 
 set -e
 
-REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)"
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
 
 GIGA_EXECUTOR=${GIGA_EXECUTOR:-true}
 GIGA_OCC=${GIGA_OCC:-true}
 BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
 DURATION=${DURATION:-600}
-BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$REPO_ROOT/scripts/scenarios/evm.json"}
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json"}
+DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
 BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench"
 
-PYTHON_CMD=python3
-if ! command -v $PYTHON_CMD &> /dev/null; then
-    PYTHON_CMD=python
-fi
-
 if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
   echo "Usage: $0 <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]"
   echo ""
@@ -78,8 +71,8 @@ done
 echo ""
 
 # Save current ref to restore later
-ORIGINAL_BRANCH=$(git symbolic-ref --short HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo "")
-ORIGINAL_REF=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
+ORIGINAL_BRANCH=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" symbolic-ref --short HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo "")
+ORIGINAL_REF=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" rev-parse HEAD)
 
 cleanup() {
   echo ""
@@ -90,9 +83,9 @@ cleanup() {
   done
   sleep 2
   if [ -n "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" ]; then
-    git checkout "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" 2>/dev/null || true
+    git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" 2>/dev/null || true
   else
-    git checkout "$ORIGINAL_REF" --detach 2>/dev/null || true
+    git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_REF" --detach 2>/dev/null || true
   fi
 }
 trap cleanup EXIT
@@ -108,19 +101,34 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   mkdir -p "$BASE_DIR/$label"
 
   echo -n "  Building [$label] from ${commit}... "
-  git checkout "$commit" --detach 2>/dev/null
-  make install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$commit" --detach 2>/dev/null
+  # Forward DB_BACKEND build tags if needed
+  BUILD_TAGS=""
+  case "$DB_BACKEND" in
+    cleveldb) BUILD_TAGS="cleveldb" ;;
+    rocksdb)  BUILD_TAGS="rocksdb" ;;
+  esac
+  if [ -n "$BUILD_TAGS" ]; then
+    COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+  else
+    make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+  fi
   cp ~/go/bin/seid "$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
   echo "done"
 done
 echo ""
 
+# Restore to original ref so benchmark.sh can find scenario files
+if [ -n "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" ]; then
+  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" 2>/dev/null
+else
+  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_REF" --detach 2>/dev/null
+fi
+
 # ============================================================
-# Phase 2: Initialize chains (sequential — python script uses ~/.sei)
+# Phase 2: Initialize chains (sequential — delegates to benchmark.sh)
 # ============================================================
 echo "=== Phase 2: Initializing chains ==="
-cd "$REPO_ROOT"
-keyname=admin
 
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
@@ -130,109 +138,26 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
 
   echo -n "  Initializing [$label]... "
 
-  # Use ~/.sei for init (python script requires it), then move
-  rm -rf ~/.sei
-  "$seid" init demo --chain-id sei-chain > /dev/null 2>&1
-  "$seid" keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
-  ADDR=$("$seid" keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test)
-  "$seid" add-genesis-account "$ADDR" \
-    100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom \
-    --keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
-  "$seid" gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei \
-    --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
-
-  # Validator setup
-  KEY=$(jq '.pub_key' ~/.sei/config/priv_validator_key.json -c)
-  jq '.validators = [{}]' ~/.sei/config/genesis.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp1.json
-  jq '.validators[0] += {"power":"7000000000"}' ~/.sei/config/tmp1.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp2.json
-  jq ".validators[0] += {\"pub_key\":$KEY}" ~/.sei/config/tmp2.json > ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-  rm -f ~/.sei/config/tmp1.json ~/.sei/config/tmp2.json
-
-  # Create test accounts (requires ~/.sei)
-  python3 loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py 20 loc 2>/dev/null
-
-  "$seid" collect-gentxs > /dev/null 2>&1
-
-  # Genesis params
-  G=~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-  START_DATE=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime; print(datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
-  END_3=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=3)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
-  END_5=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=5)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
-
-  jq '.app_state.gov.deposit_params.max_deposit_period="60s"
-    | .app_state.gov.voting_params.voting_period="30s"
-    | .app_state.gov.voting_params.expedited_voting_period="10s"
-    | .app_state.oracle.params.vote_period="2"
-    | .app_state.evm.params.target_gas_used_per_block="1000000000000"
-    | .app_state.oracle.params.whitelist=[{"name":"ueth"},{"name":"ubtc"},{"name":"uusdc"},{"name":"uusdt"},{"name":"uosmo"},{"name":"uatom"},{"name":"usei"}]
-    | .app_state.distribution.params.community_tax="0.000000000000000000"
-    | .consensus_params.block.max_gas="100000000"
-    | .consensus_params.block.min_txs_in_block="2"
-    | .consensus_params.block.max_gas_wanted="150000000"
-    | .app_state.staking.params.max_voting_power_ratio="1.000000000000000000"
-    | .app_state.bank.denom_metadata=[{"denom_units":[{"denom":"usei","exponent":0,"aliases":["USEI"]}],"base":"usei","display":"usei","name":"USEI","symbol":"USEI"}]' \
-    "$G" > "${G}.tmp" && mv "${G}.tmp" "$G"
-
-  jq --arg sd "$START_DATE" --arg ed "$END_3" \
-    '.app_state.mint.params.token_release_schedule=[{"start_date":$sd,"end_date":$ed,"token_release_amount":"999999999999"}]' \
-    "$G" > "${G}.tmp" && mv "${G}.tmp" "$G"
-  jq --arg sd "$END_3" --arg ed "$END_5" \
-    '.app_state.mint.params.token_release_schedule += [{"start_date":$sd,"end_date":$ed,"token_release_amount":"999999999999"}]' \
-    "$G" > "${G}.tmp" && mv "${G}.tmp" "$G"
-
-  # Configure app.toml
-  A=~/.sei/config/app.toml
-  sed -i '' -e 's/# concurrency-workers = .*/concurrency-workers = 500/' "$A"
-  sed -i '' -e 's/occ-enabled = .*/occ-enabled = true/' "$A"
-  sed -i '' -e 's/sc-enable = .*/sc-enable = true/' "$A"
-  sed -i '' -e 's/ss-enable = .*/ss-enable = true/' "$A"
-
-  if [ "$GIGA_EXECUTOR" = true ]; then
-    if grep -q "\[giga_executor\]" "$A"; then
-      sed -i '' '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' "$A"
-    else
-      printf '\n[giga_executor]\nenabled = true\nocc_enabled = false\n' >> "$A"
-    fi
-    if [ "$GIGA_OCC" = true ]; then
-      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' "$A"
-    fi
-  fi
-
-  # Configure config.toml — mode, indexer, pprof, ports
-  C=~/.sei/config/config.toml
-  sed -i '' 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' "$C"
-  sed -i '' 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' "$C"
+  BENCHMARK_PHASE=init \
+  SEI_HOME="$home_dir" \
+  SEID_BIN="$seid" \
+  PORT_OFFSET="$port_offset" \
+  GIGA_EXECUTOR="$GIGA_EXECUTOR" \
+  GIGA_OCC="$GIGA_OCC" \
+  DB_BACKEND="$DB_BACKEND" \
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG="$BENCHMARK_CONFIG" \
+  BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH="$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH" \
+  DISABLE_INDEXER=true \
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/benchmark.sh" > /dev/null 2>&1
 
   RPC=$((26657 + port_offset))
-  P2P=$((26656 + port_offset))
   PPROF=$((6060 + port_offset))
-  GRPC=$((9090 + port_offset))
-  GRPCWEB=$((9091 + port_offset))
-  API=$((1317 + port_offset))
-  ROSETTA=$((8080 + port_offset))
-  EVM_HTTP=$((8545 + port_offset))
-  EVM_WS=$((8546 + port_offset))
-
-  sed -i '' "s|pprof-laddr = .*|pprof-laddr = \"localhost:${PPROF}\"|g" "$C"
-  sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26657\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${RPC}\"|g" "$C"
-  sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26656\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${P2P}\"|g" "$C"
-  sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9090\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPC}\"|g" "$A"
-  sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9091\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPCWEB}\"|g" "$A"
-  sed -i '' "s|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:1317\"|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:${API}\"|g" "$A"
-  sed -i '' "s|address = \":8080\"|address = \":${ROSETTA}\"|g" "$A"
-  sed -i '' "s|http_port = 8545|http_port = ${EVM_HTTP}|g" "$A"
-  sed -i '' "s|ws_port = 8546|ws_port = ${EVM_WS}|g" "$A"
-
-  "$seid" config keyring-backend test > /dev/null 2>&1
-
-  # Move setup to scenario dir
-  mv ~/.sei "$home_dir"
   echo "done (RPC=$RPC pprof=$PPROF)"
 done
 echo ""
 
 # ============================================================
-# Phase 3: Run all nodes in parallel
+# Phase 3: Run all nodes in parallel (delegates to benchmark.sh)
 # ============================================================
 echo "=== Phase 3: Starting $NUM nodes (duration: ${DURATION}s) ==="
 NODE_PIDS=()
@@ -241,11 +166,17 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   seid="$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
   home_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/data"
   log_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/output.log"
+  port_offset=$((i * 100))
 
+  BENCHMARK_PHASE=start \
+  SEI_HOME="$home_dir" \
+  SEID_BIN="$seid" \
+  PORT_OFFSET="$port_offset" \
+  LOG_FILE="$log_file" \
+  DEBUG=true \
   BENCHMARK_CONFIG="$BENCHMARK_CONFIG" \
   BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH="$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH" \
-  "$seid" start --chain-id sei-chain --home "$home_dir" \
-    > "$log_file" 2>&1 &
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/benchmark.sh" &
   pid=$!
   NODE_PIDS=("${NODE_PIDS[@]}" $pid)
   echo "  [$label] PID=$pid log=$log_file"
@@ -320,6 +251,11 @@ echo "=== Benchmark Comparison Results (${DURATION}s run) ==="
 echo "======================================================="
 echo ""
 
+PYTHON_CMD=python3
+if ! command -v $PYTHON_CMD &> /dev/null; then
+    PYTHON_CMD=python
+fi
+
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
   commit="${COMMITS[$i]}"
@@ -356,6 +292,6 @@ echo "Full logs: $BASE_DIR/<label>/output.log"
 echo "Profiles:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/{cpu,heap}.pb.gz"
 echo ""
 echo "Compare allocs:"
-echo "  go tool pprof -alloc_space -top $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/heap.pb.gz"
+echo "  go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz"
 echo "Compare CPU:"
-echo "  go tool pprof -top $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"
+echo "  go tool pprof -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"
diff --git a/scripts/benchmark.sh b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
similarity index 53%
rename from scripts/benchmark.sh
rename to benchmark/benchmark.sh
index 4fdbe8c717..c8e97bd3c9 100755
--- a/scripts/benchmark.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
 DISABLE_INDEXER=${DISABLE_INDEXER:-true}
 # Debug mode - if true, prints all log output without filtering
 DEBUG=${DEBUG:-false}
-# Benchmark scenario config (path to JSON file, see scripts/scenarios/)
-BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"scripts/scenarios/evm.json"}
 
 # DB_BACKEND options:
 #   goleveldb - default, pure Go, can have compaction stalls under heavy write load
@@ -20,6 +18,25 @@ BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"scripts/scenarios/evm.json"}
 #   rocksdb   - best compaction control, requires CGO and rocksdb libs
 DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
 
+# --- New env vars for phase gating / multi-instance support ---
+# Final chain data dir. If != ~/.sei, init in ~/.sei then mv.
+SEI_HOME=${SEI_HOME:-"$HOME/.sei"}
+# Added to all ports (RPC, P2P, pprof, gRPC, etc.)
+PORT_OFFSET=${PORT_OFFSET:-0}
+# Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build + copy to ~/go/bin/seid.
+SEID_BIN=${SEID_BIN:-""}
+# Phase control: "init" (build+init+configure), "start" (run node), "all" (both)
+BENCHMARK_PHASE=${BENCHMARK_PHASE:-all}
+# Redirect seid output to file
+LOG_FILE=${LOG_FILE:-""}
+
+# Portable path resolution
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+
+# Benchmark scenario config (path to JSON file, see benchmark/scenarios/)
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json"}
+
 # Use python3 as default, but fall back to python if python3 doesn't exist
 PYTHON_CMD=python3
 if ! command -v $PYTHON_CMD &> /dev/null
@@ -30,6 +47,18 @@ fi
 # set key name
 keyname=admin
 
+# Determine which seid binary to use
+if [ -n "$SEID_BIN" ]; then
+  SEID="$SEID_BIN"
+else
+  SEID="$HOME/go/bin/seid"
+fi
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase: init (build + init + configure)
+# ============================================================
+if [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "init" ] || [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "all" ]; then
+
 # Display configuration
 echo "=== Benchmark Configuration ==="
 echo "  MOCK_BALANCES:           $MOCK_BALANCES"
@@ -40,49 +69,61 @@ echo "  BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH: $BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH"
 echo "  DISABLE_INDEXER:         $DISABLE_INDEXER"
 echo "  DEBUG:                   $DEBUG"
 echo "  BENCHMARK_CONFIG:        ${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-(default: EVMTransfer)}"
+echo "  SEI_HOME:                $SEI_HOME"
+echo "  PORT_OFFSET:             $PORT_OFFSET"
+echo "  SEID_BIN:                ${SEID_BIN:-(build from source)}"
+echo "  BENCHMARK_PHASE:         $BENCHMARK_PHASE"
 echo ""
-echo "Available scenarios in scripts/scenarios/:"
-ls -1 scripts/scenarios/*.json 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/    /' || echo "    (none found)"
+echo "Available scenarios in $SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/:"
+ls -1 "$SCRIPT_DIR"/scenarios/*.json 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/    /' || echo "    (none found)"
 echo "================================"
 
 # clean up old sei directory
 rm -rf ~/.sei
 echo "Building..."
 
-# Determine build options based on DB_BACKEND
-BUILD_TAGS=""
-case "$DB_BACKEND" in
-  cleveldb)
-    echo "Building with cleveldb support (C LevelDB - faster)..."
-    BUILD_TAGS="cleveldb"
-    ;;
-  rocksdb)
-    echo "Building with rocksdb support (best compaction control)..."
-    BUILD_TAGS="rocksdb"
-    ;;
-  goleveldb|memdb)
-    echo "Building with default goleveldb support..."
-    ;;
-  *)
-    echo "ERROR: Unknown DB_BACKEND '$DB_BACKEND'. Valid options: goleveldb, memdb, cleveldb, rocksdb"
-    exit 1
-    ;;
-esac
-
-# install seid with benchmark support (includes mock_balances)
-echo "Building with benchmark and mock balances support enabled..."
-if [ -n "$BUILD_TAGS" ]; then
-  COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make install-bench
+if [ -n "$SEID_BIN" ]; then
+  # Use pre-built binary: copy to ~/go/bin/seid so downstream tools find it
+  echo "Using pre-built binary: $SEID_BIN"
+  mkdir -p ~/go/bin
+  cp "$SEID_BIN" ~/go/bin/seid
 else
-  make install-bench
+  # Determine build options based on DB_BACKEND
+  BUILD_TAGS=""
+  case "$DB_BACKEND" in
+    cleveldb)
+      echo "Building with cleveldb support (C LevelDB - faster)..."
+      BUILD_TAGS="cleveldb"
+      ;;
+    rocksdb)
+      echo "Building with rocksdb support (best compaction control)..."
+      BUILD_TAGS="rocksdb"
+      ;;
+    goleveldb|memdb)
+      echo "Building with default goleveldb support..."
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "ERROR: Unknown DB_BACKEND '$DB_BACKEND'. Valid options: goleveldb, memdb, cleveldb, rocksdb"
+      exit 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+
+  # install seid with benchmark support (includes mock_balances)
+  echo "Building with benchmark and mock balances support enabled..."
+  if [ -n "$BUILD_TAGS" ]; then
+    COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench
+  else
+    make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench
+  fi
 fi
+
 # initialize chain with chain ID and add the first key
-~/go/bin/seid init demo --chain-id sei-chain
-~/go/bin/seid keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test
+"$SEID" init demo --chain-id sei-chain
+"$SEID" keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test
 # add the key as a genesis account with massive balances of several different tokens
-~/go/bin/seid add-genesis-account $(~/go/bin/seid keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test) 100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom --keyring-backend test
+"$SEID" add-genesis-account $("$SEID" keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test) 100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom --keyring-backend test
 # gentx for account
-~/go/bin/seid gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test
+"$SEID" gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test
 # add validator information to genesis file
 KEY=$(jq '.pub_key' ~/.sei/config/priv_validator_key.json -c)
 jq '.validators = [{}]' ~/.sei/config/genesis.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json
@@ -92,9 +133,9 @@ mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_3.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json && rm ~/.sei/conf
 
 echo "Creating Accounts"
 # create 10 test accounts + fund them
-python3  loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py 20 loc
+python3  "$REPO_ROOT/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py" 20 loc
 
-~/go/bin/seid collect-gentxs
+"$SEID" collect-gentxs
 # update some params in genesis file for easier use of the chain localls (make gov props faster)
 cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["deposit_params"]["max_deposit_period"]="60s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
 cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["voting_period"]="30s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
@@ -123,43 +164,43 @@ else
   APP_TOML_PATH="$HOME/.sei/config/app.toml"
 fi
 # Enable OCC and SeiDB
-sed -i.bak -e 's/# concurrency-workers = .*/concurrency-workers = 500/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-sed -i.bak -e 's/occ-enabled = .*/occ-enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-sed -i.bak -e 's/sc-enable = .*/sc-enable = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
-sed -i.bak -e 's/ss-enable = .*/ss-enable = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
+sed -i.bak -e 's/# concurrency-workers = .*/concurrency-workers = 500/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+sed -i.bak -e 's/occ-enabled = .*/occ-enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+sed -i.bak -e 's/sc-enable = .*/sc-enable = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+sed -i.bak -e 's/ss-enable = .*/ss-enable = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
 
 # Enable Giga Executor (evmone-based) if requested
 if [ "$GIGA_EXECUTOR" = true ]; then
   echo "Enabling Giga Executor (evmone-based EVM)..."
-  if grep -q "\[giga_executor\]" $APP_TOML_PATH; then
+  if grep -q "\[giga_executor\]" "$APP_TOML_PATH"; then
     # If the section exists, update enabled to true
     if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-      sed -i '' '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
+      sed -i '' '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
     else
-      sed -i '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
+      sed -i '/\[giga_executor\]/,/^\[/ s/enabled = false/enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
     fi
   else
     # If section doesn't exist, append it
-    echo "" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
-    echo "[giga_executor]" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
-    echo "enabled = true" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
-    echo "occ_enabled = false" >> $APP_TOML_PATH
+    echo "" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    echo "[giga_executor]" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    echo "enabled = true" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
+    echo "occ_enabled = false" >> "$APP_TOML_PATH"
   fi
 
   # Set OCC based on GIGA_OCC flag
   if [ "$GIGA_OCC" = true ]; then
     echo "Enabling OCC for Giga Executor..."
     if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
+      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
     else
-      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' $APP_TOML_PATH
+      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = false/occ_enabled = true/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
     fi
   else
     echo "Disabling OCC for Giga Executor (sequential mode)..."
     if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' $APP_TOML_PATH
+      sed -i '' 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
     else
-      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' $APP_TOML_PATH
+      sed -i 's/occ_enabled = true/occ_enabled = false/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
     fi
   fi
 fi
@@ -178,25 +219,25 @@ else
 fi
 
 if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "linux-gnu"* ]]; then
-  sed -i 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
+  sed -i 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
   if [ "$DISABLE_INDEXER" = true ]; then
-    sed -i 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' $CONFIG_PATH
+    sed -i 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
     echo "Indexer disabled"
   fi
-  sed -i 's/skip_timeout_commit =.*/skip_timeout_commit = false/g' $CONFIG_PATH
-  sed -i 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
+  sed -i 's/skip_timeout_commit =.*/skip_timeout_commit = false/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
+  sed -i 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
   # Set the DB backend
-  sed -i "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" $CONFIG_PATH
+  sed -i "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
   echo "DB backend set to: $DB_BACKEND"
 elif [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
-  sed -i '' 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
+  sed -i '' 's/mode = "full"/mode = "validator"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
   if [ "$DISABLE_INDEXER" = true ]; then
-    sed -i '' 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' $CONFIG_PATH
+    sed -i '' 's/indexer = \["kv"\]/indexer = \["null"\]/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
     echo "Indexer disabled"
   fi
-  sed -i '' 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' $CONFIG_PATH
+  sed -i '' 's/pprof-laddr = ""/pprof-laddr = ":6060"/g' "$CONFIG_PATH"
   # Set the DB backend
-  sed -i '' "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" $CONFIG_PATH
+  sed -i '' "s/db-backend = \"goleveldb\"/db-backend = \"$DB_BACKEND\"/g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
   echo "DB backend set to: $DB_BACKEND"
 else
   printf "Platform not supported, please ensure that the following values are set in your config.toml:\n"
@@ -208,22 +249,84 @@ else
   exit 1
 fi
 
-~/go/bin/seid config keyring-backend test
+# Apply port offsets if non-zero
+if [ "$PORT_OFFSET" -ne 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
+  RPC=$((26657 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  P2P=$((26656 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  PPROF=$((6060 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  GRPC=$((9090 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  GRPCWEB=$((9091 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  API=$((1317 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  ROSETTA=$((8080 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  EVM_HTTP=$((8545 + PORT_OFFSET))
+  EVM_WS=$((8546 + PORT_OFFSET))
+
+  if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
+    sed -i '' "s|pprof-laddr = .*|pprof-laddr = \"localhost:${PPROF}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26657\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${RPC}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26656\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${P2P}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9090\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPC}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9091\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPCWEB}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:1317\"|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:${API}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|address = \":8080\"|address = \":${ROSETTA}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|http_port = 8545|http_port = ${EVM_HTTP}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i '' "s|ws_port = 8546|ws_port = ${EVM_WS}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+  else
+    sed -i "s|pprof-laddr = .*|pprof-laddr = \"localhost:${PPROF}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26657\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${RPC}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:26656\"|laddr = \"tcp://127.0.0.1:${P2P}\"|g" "$CONFIG_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9090\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPC}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \"0.0.0.0:9091\"|address = \"0.0.0.0:${GRPCWEB}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:1317\"|address = \"tcp://0.0.0.0:${API}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|address = \":8080\"|address = \":${ROSETTA}\"|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|http_port = 8545|http_port = ${EVM_HTTP}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+    sed -i "s|ws_port = 8546|ws_port = ${EVM_WS}|g" "$APP_PATH"
+  fi
+fi
+
+"$SEID" config keyring-backend test
+
+# If SEI_HOME is not ~/.sei, move the data dir
+if [ "$SEI_HOME" != "$HOME/.sei" ]; then
+  mkdir -p "$(dirname "$SEI_HOME")"
+  mv ~/.sei "$SEI_HOME"
+fi
+
+fi # end BENCHMARK_PHASE=init
+
+# ============================================================
+# Phase: start (run the node)
+# ============================================================
+if [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "start" ] || [ "$BENCHMARK_PHASE" = "all" ]; then
+
+PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + PORT_OFFSET))
 
 # start the chain with log tracing
 # Benchmark mode is enabled via build tag, no --benchmark flag needed
 echo ""
-echo "=== pprof enabled at http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof ==="
+echo "=== pprof enabled at http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof ==="
 echo "To capture 30s CPU profile during benchmark:"
-echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30"
+echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30"
 echo "To capture heap profile:"
-echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/heap"
+echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap"
 echo "============================================================"
 echo ""
-if [ "$DEBUG" = true ]; then
+
+# Build the seid command args
+SEID_ARGS=(start --chain-id sei-chain)
+if [ "$SEI_HOME" != "$HOME/.sei" ]; then
+  SEID_ARGS+=(--home "$SEI_HOME")
+fi
+
+if [ -n "$LOG_FILE" ]; then
+  # Redirect all output to log file
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" > "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1
+elif [ "$DEBUG" = true ]; then
   # Debug mode: print all output
-  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH ~/go/bin/seid start --chain-id sei-chain
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}"
 else
   # Normal mode: filter to benchmark-related output only
-  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH ~/go/bin/seid start --chain-id sei-chain 2>&1 | grep -E "(benchmark|Benchmark|deployed|transitioning)"
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" 2>&1 | grep -E "(benchmark|Benchmark|deployed|transitioning)"
 fi
+
+fi # end BENCHMARK_PHASE=start
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/README.md b/benchmark/scenarios/README.md
similarity index 89%
rename from scripts/scenarios/README.md
rename to benchmark/scenarios/README.md
index 856a999a49..2ae4dee6fc 100644
--- a/scripts/scenarios/README.md
+++ b/benchmark/scenarios/README.md
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 # Benchmark Scenarios
 
-This folder contains benchmark scenario configurations for `scripts/benchmark.sh`.
+This folder contains benchmark scenario configurations for `benchmark/benchmark.sh`.
 
 ## Usage
 
 ```bash
 # Use default scenario (EVMTransfer)
-./scripts/benchmark.sh
+./benchmark/benchmark.sh
 
 # Use ERC20 scenario
-BENCHMARK_CONFIG=scripts/scenarios/erc20.json ./scripts/benchmark.sh
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json ./benchmark/benchmark.sh
 
 # Use mixed scenario (EVMTransfer + ERC20)
-BENCHMARK_CONFIG=scripts/scenarios/mixed.json ./scripts/benchmark.sh
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/mixed.json ./benchmark/benchmark.sh
 ```
 
 ## Available Scenarios
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/default.json b/benchmark/scenarios/default.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/default.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/default.json
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/erc20.json b/benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/erc20.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/evm.json b/benchmark/scenarios/evm.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/evm.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/evm.json
diff --git a/scripts/scenarios/mixed.json b/benchmark/scenarios/mixed.json
similarity index 100%
rename from scripts/scenarios/mixed.json
rename to benchmark/scenarios/mixed.json

From 127ed99a043d868885e45495cb99816dc64e83a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 13:58:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/47] docs: improve benchmark/CLAUDE.md accuracy and
 completeness

- Add missing env vars (MOCK_BALANCES, DISABLE_INDEXER, DURATION)
- Split env var table by script (benchmark.sh vs benchmark-compare.sh)
- Document GIGA_EXECUTOR/GIGA_OCC default difference between scripts
- Fix TPS extraction example to use LOG_FILE instead of nonexistent path
- Note pprof auto-capture is compare-only; single runs need manual capture
- Add scenario file listing and usage example
- Document DB_BACKEND forwarding in compare script
- Note minimum 2 scenarios required for compare

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
index e8e03021a0..6ed1b4d992 100644
--- a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -6,31 +6,58 @@
 GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DEBUG=true benchmark/benchmark.sh
 ```
 
-TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). Extract with:
+TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). To capture output and extract TPS:
 
 ```bash
-grep "tps=" /tmp/sei-benchmark.log | sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
+LOG_FILE=/tmp/bench.log DEBUG=true benchmark/benchmark.sh
+
+# Extract TPS values
+sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' /tmp/bench.log | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
+```
+
+Available scenarios in `benchmark/scenarios/`: `evm.json` (default), `erc20.json`, `mixed.json`, `default.json`.
+
+```bash
+# Use a different scenario
+BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json benchmark/benchmark.sh
 ```
 
 ## Environment variables
 
+### benchmark.sh
+
 | Var | Default | Purpose |
 |-----|---------|---------|
+| `BENCHMARK_PHASE` | `all` | `init` (build+init+configure), `start` (run node), `all` (both) |
 | `SEI_HOME` | `$HOME/.sei` | Final chain data dir. If != ~/.sei, init in ~/.sei then `mv` |
 | `PORT_OFFSET` | `0` | Added to all ports (RPC, P2P, pprof, gRPC, etc.) |
 | `SEID_BIN` | `""` | Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build + copy to ~/go/bin/seid |
-| `BENCHMARK_PHASE` | `all` | `init` (build+init+configure), `start` (run node), `all` (both) |
 | `LOG_FILE` | `""` | Redirect seid output to file |
-| `BENCHMARK_CONFIG` | `benchmark/scenarios/evm.json` | Scenario config file |
+| `BENCHMARK_CONFIG` | `$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json` | Scenario config file (absolute path resolved from script location) |
 | `BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH` | `1000` | Transactions per batch |
 | `GIGA_EXECUTOR` | `false` | Enable evmone-based EVM executor |
 | `GIGA_OCC` | `false` | Enable OCC for Giga Executor |
 | `DB_BACKEND` | `goleveldb` | Database backend (goleveldb, memdb, cleveldb, rocksdb) |
+| `MOCK_BALANCES` | `true` | Use mock balances during benchmark |
+| `DISABLE_INDEXER` | `true` | Disable indexer for benchmark (reduces I/O overhead) |
 | `DEBUG` | `false` | Print all log output without filtering |
 
+### benchmark-compare.sh
+
+Inherits all benchmark.sh vars via delegation. Additionally:
+
+| Var | Default | Purpose |
+|-----|---------|---------|
+| `DURATION` | `600` | How long (seconds) to run each node before stopping |
+| `GIGA_EXECUTOR` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
+| `GIGA_OCC` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
+| `DB_BACKEND` | `goleveldb` | Forwarded to build and init phases |
+
+**Note:** `GIGA_EXECUTOR` and `GIGA_OCC` default to `true` in the compare script but `false` in benchmark.sh. The compare script is designed for performance comparison where Giga Executor is typically enabled.
+
 ## Parallel multi-scenario comparison
 
-Use `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh` to run multiple git commits side-by-side:
+Use `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh` to run multiple git commits side-by-side (minimum 2 scenarios required):
 
 ```bash
 benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh \
@@ -41,14 +68,14 @@ benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh \
 
 Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Results are printed at the end with median/avg/min/max TPS. Raw data in `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/tps.txt`.
 
-Set `DURATION=600` (default) to control how long each run lasts.
-
 ## Comparing results across sessions
 
-Cross-session benchmark numbers (TPS, total allocs) are not directly comparable. Only comparisons within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run are valid, since all scenarios share identical conditions.
+**Important:** Cross-session benchmark numbers (TPS, total allocs) are not directly comparable. Only comparisons within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run are valid, since all scenarios share identical conditions.
 
 ## Comparing pprof profiles
 
+`benchmark-compare.sh` automatically captures pprof profiles (CPU and heap) midway through the run. Single-scenario runs only enable the pprof HTTP endpoint — capture profiles manually with `curl` or `go tool pprof`.
+
 Always use `pprof -diff_base` to compare profiles between benchmark runs. Never compare profiles side-by-side manually.
 
 ```bash

From 070f88434f0c5e06d20062c13d68a81958ff743f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 14:16:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/47] feat(benchmark): add fgprof, block/mutex profiling and
 improve profile docs

Add wall-clock profiling (fgprof) alongside standard CPU profiling to
capture off-CPU time (I/O, blocking, GC pauses). Register the fgprof
handler behind the benchmark build tag so production binaries are
unaffected.

Enable block and mutex contention profiling via runtime calls, also
gated behind the benchmark build tag. Use conservative sampling rates
(1us block threshold, 1/5 mutex fraction) to minimize overhead on TPS.

Update benchmark-compare.sh to capture all 6 profile types (CPU,
fgprof, heap, goroutine, block, mutex) and report sizes for each.

Expand benchmark/CLAUDE.md with:
- Profile type reference table with when-to-use guidance
- CPU vs fgprof explanation
- Heap metric selection guide (inuse_space vs alloc_objects etc)
- Interactive flamegraph and drill-down commands
- Single-scenario manual capture examples
- Source-mapping tip for pprof

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 app/benchmark_profiling.go             | 17 +++++
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md                    | 89 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh         | 50 +++++++++++----
 go.mod                                 |  3 +-
 go.sum                                 | 17 ++++-
 go.work.sum                            | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++
 sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go | 16 +++++
 7 files changed, 249 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 app/benchmark_profiling.go
 create mode 100644 sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go

diff --git a/app/benchmark_profiling.go b/app/benchmark_profiling.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5fa9f3191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/benchmark_profiling.go
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//go:build benchmark
+
+package app
+
+import "runtime"
+
+func init() {
+	// Enable block profiling: record blocking events lasting 1us or longer.
+	// Lower values capture more events but add overhead that can skew TPS.
+	// This lets /debug/pprof/block show time spent waiting on channels and mutexes.
+	runtime.SetBlockProfileRate(1000)
+
+	// Enable mutex contention profiling: sample 1 in 5 contention events.
+	// Full capture (fraction=1) adds measurable overhead; 1/5 is a good balance.
+	// This lets /debug/pprof/mutex show where goroutines contend on locks.
+	runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(5)
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
index 6ed1b4d992..1a06b8e371 100644
--- a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -72,9 +72,52 @@ Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Resul
 
 **Important:** Cross-session benchmark numbers (TPS, total allocs) are not directly comparable. Only comparisons within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run are valid, since all scenarios share identical conditions.
 
-## Comparing pprof profiles
+## Profiling
 
-`benchmark-compare.sh` automatically captures pprof profiles (CPU and heap) midway through the run. Single-scenario runs only enable the pprof HTTP endpoint — capture profiles manually with `curl` or `go tool pprof`.
+### Available profile types
+
+`benchmark-compare.sh` automatically captures all profile types midway through the run. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/`.
+
+| Profile | File | What it shows |
+|---------|------|---------------|
+| CPU | `cpu.pb.gz` | On-CPU time only (computation, hashing, EVM execution) |
+| fgprof | `fgprof.pb.gz` | Wall-clock time: on-CPU + off-CPU (I/O, blocking, GC pauses) |
+| Heap | `heap.pb.gz` | Memory allocations (analyzable with multiple metrics, see below) |
+| Goroutine | `goroutine.pb.gz` | Goroutine stacks (find pileups and leaks) |
+| Block | `block.pb.gz` | Time waiting on channel ops and mutex locks |
+| Mutex | `mutex.pb.gz` | Mutex contention (where goroutines fight over locks) |
+
+**CPU vs fgprof:** Go's built-in CPU profiler uses OS-level `SIGPROF` signals delivered only to running threads — goroutines waiting on I/O, channels, or locks are invisible. fgprof samples all goroutines via `runtime.GoroutineProfile` regardless of scheduling state, showing the full wall-clock picture. Use CPU when you suspect pure computation is the bottleneck; use fgprof when TPS is low but CPU utilization is also low (points to I/O or contention).
+
+**Block and mutex profiles** require `runtime.SetBlockProfileRate` and `runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction` to be enabled. Both are automatically enabled when seid is built with the `benchmark` build tag (`make install-bench`). They are disabled in production builds.
+
+### Capturing profiles during single-scenario runs
+
+Single-scenario `benchmark.sh` runs enable the pprof HTTP endpoint but don't auto-capture profiles. Capture manually in another terminal:
+
+```bash
+PPROF_PORT=6060  # adjust with PORT_OFFSET if set
+
+# 30-second CPU profile
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30"
+
+# 30-second fgprof (wall-clock)
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/fgprof?seconds=30"
+
+# Heap snapshot
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/heap"
+
+# Goroutine dump
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/goroutine"
+
+# Block profile
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/block"
+
+# Mutex contention
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 "http://localhost:$PPROF_PORT/debug/pprof/mutex"
+```
+
+### Comparing profiles (diff)
 
 Always use `pprof -diff_base` to compare profiles between benchmark runs. Never compare profiles side-by-side manually.
 
@@ -82,6 +125,46 @@ Always use `pprof -diff_base` to compare profiles between benchmark runs. Never
 # CPU diff (positive = regression, negative = improvement)
 go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
 
-# Allocation diff
+# Wall-clock diff (fgprof)
+go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz
+
+# Allocation diff (total bytes allocated over time)
 go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz
+
+# Heap escape diff (objects that should be stack-allocated)
+go tool pprof -alloc_objects -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz
+```
+
+### Heap profile metrics
+
+The heap profile contains multiple metrics. Choose the right one for your question:
+
+| Metric | Flag | Use when |
+|--------|------|----------|
+| Active memory | `-inuse_space` | Finding memory leaks or high RSS |
+| Active objects | `-inuse_objects` | Finding what's holding memory right now |
+| Total allocated bytes | `-alloc_space` | Finding hot allocation paths (GC pressure) |
+| Total allocated objects | `-alloc_objects` | Finding heap escapes (objects that should live on the stack) |
+
+### Interactive analysis and flamegraphs
+
+Text output (`-top`) is useful for quick comparisons, but the web UI with flamegraphs is far more effective for navigating large profiles.
+
+```bash
+# Interactive web UI with flamegraphs
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+
+# Diff flamegraph (red = regression, blue = improvement)
+go tool pprof -http=:8080 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+```
+
+For drilling into specific functions, use the interactive CLI:
+
+```bash
+go tool pprof /tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
+(pprof) top20 --cum          # sort by cumulative time (default flat hides expensive callees)
+(pprof) list DeliverTx       # line-by-line source attribution
+(pprof) web DeliverTx        # SVG graph focused on one function's callers/callees
 ```
+
+Run `go tool pprof` from the sei-chain repo root so that `list` and `web` commands can resolve source file paths.
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
index a02b3db1f0..d93c37af7c 100755
--- a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ echo "  Waiting ${PPROF_WAIT}s before capturing pprof profiles..."
 sleep "$PPROF_WAIT" || true
 
 echo ""
-echo "=== Capturing pprof profiles (30s CPU + heap allocs) ==="
+echo "=== Capturing profiles (30s CPU + 30s fgprof + heap + goroutine + block + mutex) ==="
 PPROF_PIDS=()
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
@@ -199,32 +199,56 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
   mkdir -p "$profile_dir"
 
-  # CPU profile (30s)
+  # CPU profile (30s) — on-CPU time only
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30" \
     -o "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz" &
   PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
 
-  # Heap (alloc_objects — total allocations)
+  # fgprof (30s) — wall-clock time (on-CPU + off-CPU/I/O/blocking)
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/fgprof.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Heap snapshot
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap?debug=0" \
     -o "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz" &
   PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
 
+  # Goroutine dump
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/goroutine.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Block profile (time waiting on channels/mutexes)
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/block?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/block.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Mutex contention profile
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/mutex?debug=0" \
+    -o "$profile_dir/mutex.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
   echo "  [$label] capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $profile_dir/"
 done
 
-# Wait for all pprof captures to finish
+# Wait for all profile captures to finish
 for pid in "${PPROF_PIDS[@]}"; do
   wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
 done
-echo "  pprof capture complete."
+echo "  profile capture complete."
 
 # Verify profile sizes
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
   profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
-  cpu_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
-  heap_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
-  echo "  [$label] cpu=${cpu_size}B heap=${heap_size}B"
+  cpu_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  fgprof_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/fgprof.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  heap_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  goroutine_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/goroutine.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  block_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/block.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  mutex_size=$(wc -c < "$profile_dir/mutex.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  echo "  [$label] cpu=${cpu_size}B fgprof=${fgprof_size}B heap=${heap_size}B goroutine=${goroutine_size}B block=${block_size}B mutex=${mutex_size}B"
 done
 
 # Wait remaining time
@@ -289,9 +313,13 @@ done
 
 echo "Raw data:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/tps.txt"
 echo "Full logs: $BASE_DIR/<label>/output.log"
-echo "Profiles:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/{cpu,heap}.pb.gz"
+echo "Profiles:  $BASE_DIR/<label>/pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz"
 echo ""
+echo "Compare CPU (on-CPU only):"
+echo "  go tool pprof -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"
+echo "Compare wall-clock (on-CPU + off-CPU/I/O):"
+echo "  go tool pprof -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz"
 echo "Compare allocs:"
 echo "  go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/heap.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/heap.pb.gz"
-echo "Compare CPU:"
-echo "  go tool pprof -top -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"
+echo "Interactive flamegraph (pick any profile):"
+echo "  go tool pprof -http=:8080 -diff_base $BASE_DIR/<baseline>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz $BASE_DIR/<candidate>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz"
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 80a2837afb..26aa66f15c 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/dvsekhvalnov/jose2go v1.5.0
 	github.com/ethereum/evmc/v12 v12.1.0
 	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v1.16.8
+	github.com/felixge/fgprof v0.9.5
 	github.com/fortytw2/leaktest v1.3.0
 	github.com/go-kit/kit v0.12.0
 	github.com/go-kit/log v0.2.1
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/golangci/revgrep v0.0.0-20220804021717-745bb2f7c2e6 // indirect
 	github.com/golangci/unconvert v0.0.0-20180507085042-28b1c447d1f4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/flatbuffers v23.5.26+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 // indirect
+	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240227163752-401108e1b7e7 // indirect
 	github.com/gordonklaus/ineffassign v0.0.0-20210914165742-4cc7213b9bc8 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/handlers v1.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gostaticanalysis/analysisutil v0.7.1 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index d2abc25aed..34c6cabe94 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -807,12 +807,18 @@ github.com/charithe/durationcheck v0.0.9/go.mod h1:SSbRIBVfMjCi/kEB6K65XEA83D6pr
 github.com/chavacava/garif v0.0.0-20220630083739-93517212f375 h1:E7LT642ysztPWE0dfz43cWOvMiF42DyTRC+eZIaO4yI=
 github.com/chavacava/garif v0.0.0-20220630083739-93517212f375/go.mod h1:4m1Rv7xfuwWPNKXlThldNuJvutYM6J95wNuuVmn55To=
 github.com/cheekybits/is v0.0.0-20150225183255-68e9c0620927/go.mod h1:h/aW8ynjgkuj+NQRlZcDbAbM1ORAbXjXX77sX7T289U=
+github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20230802225258-3cf4e6d46a89/go.mod h1:GKljq0VrfU4D5yc+2qA6OVr8pmO/MBbPEWqWQ/oqGEs=
+github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.9.2/go.mod h1:LkSXJKONWTCHAfQasKFUZI+mxqS4tZqhmtGzzhLsnLs=
+github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.0.0/go.mod h1:kgWmDdq8fTzXYcKIBqIYvRRTnYb9aNS9moAV0xufSww=
 github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWRnGsAI=
 github.com/chzyer/logex v1.2.0/go.mod h1:9+9sk7u7pGNWYMkh0hdiL++6OeibzJccyQU4p4MedaY=
+github.com/chzyer/logex v1.2.1/go.mod h1:JLbx6lG2kDbNRFnfkgvh4eRJRPX1QCoOIWomwysCBrQ=
 github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
 github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.0/go.mod h1:x22KAscuvRqlLoK9CsoYsmxoXZMMFVyOl86cAH8qUic=
+github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.1/go.mod h1:Eh+b79XXUwfKfcPLepksvw2tcLE/Ct21YObkaSkeBlk=
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20210722231415-061457976a23/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
+github.com/chzyer/test v1.0.0/go.mod h1:2JlltgoNkt4TW/z9V/IzDdFaMTM2JPIi26O1pF38GC8=
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonus-gometrics v2.3.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:nmEj6Dob7S7YxXgwXpfOuvO54S+tGdZdw9fuRZt25Ag=
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonusllhist v0.1.3/go.mod h1:kMXHVDlOchFAehlya5ePtbp5jckzBHf4XRpQvBOLI+I=
 github.com/clbanning/x2j v0.0.0-20191024224557-825249438eec/go.mod h1:jMjuTZXRI4dUb/I5gc9Hdhagfvm9+RyrPryS/auMzxE=
@@ -1015,6 +1021,8 @@ github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0/go.mod h1:fL2Sau1YI5c0pdGEVCbKQbLXB6edEj1ZgiY4Nij
 github.com/fatih/structs v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9NiDSp5zOcgEDl+j00MP/WkGVPOlPRLejGD8Ga6PJ7M=
 github.com/fatih/structtag v1.2.0 h1:/OdNE99OxoI/PqaW/SuSK9uxxT3f/tcSZgon/ssNSx4=
 github.com/fatih/structtag v1.2.0/go.mod h1:mBJUNpUnHmRKrKlQQlmCrh5PuhftFbNv8Ys4/aAZl94=
+github.com/felixge/fgprof v0.9.5 h1:8+vR6yu2vvSKn08urWyEuxx75NWPEvybbkBirEpsbVY=
+github.com/felixge/fgprof v0.9.5/go.mod h1:yKl+ERSa++RYOs32d8K6WEXCB4uXdLls4ZaZPpayhMM=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.1/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 h1:NFTV2Zj1bL4mc9sqWACXbQFVBBg2W3GPvqp8/ESS2Wg=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
@@ -1149,8 +1157,9 @@ github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.0/go.mod h1:q8bcK0KcYlCgd9e7WYLm9LpyS+YeLd8JVDW6Wezm
 github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1 h1:xfeeEhW7pwmX8nuLVlqbzVc7udMDrwetjEv+TZIz1og=
 github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1/go.mod h1:q8bcK0KcYlCgd9e7WYLm9LpyS+YeLd8JVDW6WezmKEw=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.0.2/go.mod h1:szmBTxLgaFppYjEmNtny/v3w89xOydFnnZMcgRRu/EM=
-github.com/gobwas/ws v1.1.0 h1:7RFti/xnNkMJnrK7D1yQ/iCIB5OrrY/54/H930kIbHA=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.1.0/go.mod h1:nzvNcVha5eUziGrbxFCo6qFIojQHjJV5cLYIbezhfL0=
+github.com/gobwas/ws v1.2.1 h1:F2aeBZrm2NDsc7vbovKrWSogd4wvfAxg0FQ89/iqOTk=
+github.com/gobwas/ws v1.2.1/go.mod h1:hRKAFb8wOxFROYNsT1bqfWnhX+b5MFeJM9r2ZSwg/KY=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.7/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.9.11/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.4 h1:JSwxQzIqKfmFX1swYPpUThQZp/Ka4wzJdK0LWVytLPM=
@@ -1305,8 +1314,9 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210407192527-94a9f03dee38/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLe
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210601050228-01bbb1931b22/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210609004039-a478d1d731e9/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210720184732-4bb14d4b1be1/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
-github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 h1:4/hN5RUoecvl+RmJRE2YxKWtnnQls6rQjjW5oV7qg2U=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904/go.mod h1:uglQLonpP8qtYCYyzA+8c/9qtqgA3qsXGYqCPKARAFg=
+github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240227163752-401108e1b7e7 h1:y3N7Bm7Y9/CtpiVkw/ZWj6lSlDF3F74SfKwfTCer72Q=
+github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240227163752-401108e1b7e7/go.mod h1:czg5+yv1E0ZGTi6S6vVK1mke0fV+FaUhNGcd6VRS9Ik=
 github.com/google/renameio v0.1.0/go.mod h1:KWCgfxg9yswjAJkECMjeO8J8rahYeXnNhOm40UhjYkI=
 github.com/google/safehtml v0.0.2/go.mod h1:L4KWwDsUJdECRAEpZoBn3O64bQaywRscowZjJAzjHnU=
 github.com/google/shlex v0.0.0-20191202100458-e7afc7fbc510 h1:El6M4kTTCOh6aBiKaUGG7oYTSPP8MxqL4YI3kZKwcP4=
@@ -1457,6 +1467,7 @@ github.com/iancoleman/strcase v0.2.0/go.mod h1:iwCmte+B7n89clKwxIoIXy/HfoL7AsD47
 github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20181102032728-5e5cf60278f6/go.mod h1:aSSvb/t6k1mPoxDqO4vJh6VOCGPwU4O0C2/Eqndh1Sc=
 github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20200824232613-28f6c0f3b639/go.mod h1:aSSvb/t6k1mPoxDqO4vJh6VOCGPwU4O0C2/Eqndh1Sc=
 github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20220319035150-800ac71e25c2/go.mod h1:aYm2/VgdVmcIU8iMfdMvDMsRAQjcfZSKFby6HOFvi/w=
+github.com/ianlancetaylor/demangle v0.0.0-20230524184225-eabc099b10ab/go.mod h1:gx7rwoVhcfuVKG5uya9Hs3Sxj7EIvldVofAWIUtGouw=
 github.com/imkira/go-interpol v1.1.0/go.mod h1:z0h2/2T3XF8kyEPpRgJ3kmNv+C43p+I/CoI+jC3w2iA=
 github.com/improbable-eng/grpc-web v0.14.1 h1:NrN4PY71A6tAz2sKDvC5JCauENWp0ykG8Oq1H3cpFvw=
 github.com/improbable-eng/grpc-web v0.14.1/go.mod h1:zEjGHa8DAlkoOXmswrNvhUGEYQA9UI7DhrGeHR1DMGU=
@@ -1582,6 +1593,7 @@ github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.11 h1:vRjThO1EKPb/1NsDXuDrzldR28RLkBflWYcU9CvzW
 github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.11/go.mod h1:aK3tzZP/C+p1m3SPRE4SYZFGP7jjkuSI4f7Xvpt0S9c=
 github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib v0.0.0-20230210071639-db0e7ed11263 h1:LGEzZvf33Y1NhuP5+jI/ni9l1TFS6oYPDilgy74NusM=
 github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib v0.0.0-20230210071639-db0e7ed11263/go.mod h1:OXgMDuUo2lZ3NpH29ZvMYbk+LxFd5ffDl2Z2mGMuY/I=
+github.com/ledongthuc/pdf v0.0.0-20220302134840-0c2507a12d80/go.mod h1:imJHygn/1yfhB7XSJJKlFZKl/J+dCPAknuiaGOshXAs=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.0/go.mod h1:+8+nEpDfqqsY+g338gtMEUOtuK+4dEMhiQEgxpxOKII=
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@@ -1799,6 +1811,7 @@ github.com/openzipkin-contrib/zipkin-go-opentracing v0.4.5/go.mod h1:/wsWhb9smxS
 github.com/openzipkin/zipkin-go v0.1.6/go.mod h1:QgAqvLzwWbR/WpD4A3cGpPtJrZXNIiJc5AZX7/PBEpw=
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diff --git a/go.work.sum b/go.work.sum
index 3f32e91e14..084d091450 100644
--- a/go.work.sum
+++ b/go.work.sum
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ cel.dev/expr v0.16.1/go.mod h1:AsGA5zb3WruAEQeQng1RZdGEXmBj0jvMWh6l5SnNuC8=
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 cel.dev/expr v0.20.0/go.mod h1:MrpN08Q+lEBs+bGYdLxxHkZoUSsCp0nSKTs0nTymJgw=
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+cloud.google.com/go v0.110.0 h1:Zc8gqp3+a9/Eyph2KDmcGaPtbKRIoqq4YTlL4NMD0Ys=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0 h1:B3fRrSDkLRt5qSHWe40ERJvhvnQwdZiHu0bJOpldweE=
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 cloud.google.com/go v0.121.1 h1:S3kTQSydxmu1JfLRLpKtxRPA7rSrYPRPEUmL/PavVUw=
@@ -248,6 +249,7 @@ cloud.google.com/go/gkemulticloud v1.4.1 h1:SvVD2nJTGScEDYygIQ5dI14oFYhgtJx8Hazk
 cloud.google.com/go/gkemulticloud v1.4.1/go.mod h1:KRvPYcx53bztNwNInrezdfNF+wwUom8Y3FuJBwhvFpQ=
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 cloud.google.com/go/gkemulticloud v1.5.3/go.mod h1:KPFf+/RcfvmuScqwS9/2MF5exZAmXSuoSLPuaQ98Xlk=
+cloud.google.com/go/grafeas v0.2.0 h1:CYjC+xzdPvbV65gi6Dr4YowKcmLo045pm18L0DhdELM=
 cloud.google.com/go/grafeas v0.3.11 h1:CobnwnyeY1j1Defi5vbEircI+jfrk3ci5m004ZjiFP4=
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 cloud.google.com/go/grafeas v0.3.15 h1:lBjwKmhpiqOAFaE0xdqF8CqO74a99s8tUT5mCkBBxPs=
@@ -439,6 +441,7 @@ cloud.google.com/go/speech v1.25.2 h1:rKOXU9LAZTOYHhRNB4gZDekNjJx21TktQpetBa5IzO
 cloud.google.com/go/speech v1.25.2/go.mod h1:KPFirZlLL8SqPaTtG6l+HHIFHPipjbemv4iFg7rTlYs=
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+cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.29.0 h1:6weCgzRvMg7lzuUurI4697AqIRPU1SvzHhynwpW31jI=
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 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.53.0 h1:gg0ERZwL17pJ+Cz3cD2qS60w1WMDnwcm5YPAIQBHUAw=
@@ -559,6 +562,7 @@ github.com/RoaringBitmap/roaring v1.2.2/go.mod h1:plvDsJQpxOC5bw8LRteu/MLWHsHez/
 github.com/Shopify/goreferrer v0.0.0-20220729165902-8cddb4f5de06 h1:KkH3I3sJuOLP3TjA/dfr4NAY8bghDwnXiU7cTKxQqo0=
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@@ -627,6 +631,7 @@ github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15 v15.0.2/go.mod h1:DGXsR3ajT524njufqf95822i+KTh+ye
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@@ -671,12 +676,26 @@ github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5 v5.0.2 h1:rIfFVxEf1QsI7E1ZHfp/B4DF/6QBAUhmgkxc0H7
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@@ -686,6 +705,7 @@ github.com/clbanning/x2j v0.0.0-20191024224557-825249438eec h1:EdRZT3IeKQmfCSrgo
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@@ -696,25 +716,31 @@ github.com/codegangsta/inject v0.0.0-20150114235600-33e0aa1cb7c0 h1:sDMmm+q/3+Bu
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@@ -724,6 +750,7 @@ github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/r
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@@ -737,11 +764,13 @@ github.com/eknkc/amber v0.0.0-20171010120322-cdade1c07385 h1:clC1lXBpe2kTj2VHdaI
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@@ -1021,6 +1070,7 @@ github.com/mozilla/scribe v0.0.0-20180711195314-fb71baf557c1 h1:29NKShH4TWd3lxCD
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 github.com/pact-foundation/pact-go v1.0.4 h1:OYkFijGHoZAYbOIb1LWXrwKQbMMRUv1oQ89blD2Mh2Q=
@@ -1108,11 +1161,15 @@ github.com/pion/udp v0.1.1 h1:8UAPvyqmsxK8oOjloDk4wUt63TzFe9WEJkg5lChlj7o=
 github.com/pion/udp v0.1.1/go.mod h1:6AFo+CMdKQm7UiA0eUPA8/eVCTx8jBIITLZHc9DWX5M=
 github.com/pion/webrtc/v3 v3.1.42 h1:wJEQFIXVanptnQcHOLTuIo4AtGB2+mG2x4OhIhnITOA=
 github.com/pion/webrtc/v3 v3.1.42/go.mod h1:ffD9DulDrPxyWvDPUIPAOSAWx9GUlOExiJPf7cCcMLA=
+github.com/pkg/browser v0.0.0-20210911075715-681adbf594b8 h1:KoWmjvw+nsYOo29YJK9vDA65RGE3NrOnUtO7a+RF9HU=
 github.com/pkg/diff v0.0.0-20210226163009-20ebb0f2a09e h1:aoZm08cpOy4WuID//EZDgcC4zIxODThtZNPirFr42+A=
+github.com/pkg/profile v1.2.1 h1:F++O52m40owAmADcojzM+9gyjmMOY/T4oYJkgFDH8RE=
+github.com/pkg/sftp v1.13.1 h1:I2qBYMChEhIjOgazfJmV3/mZM256btk6wkCDRmW7JYs=
 github.com/pkg/sftp v1.13.7 h1:uv+I3nNJvlKZIQGSr8JVQLNHFU9YhhNpvC14Y6KgmSM=
 github.com/pkg/sftp v1.13.7/go.mod h1:KMKI0t3T6hfA+lTR/ssZdunHo+uwq7ghoN09/FSu3DY=
 github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 h1:GFCKgmp0tecUJ0sJuv4pzYCqS9+RGSn52M3FUwPs+uo=
 github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10/go.mod h1:t/avpk3KcrXxUnYOhZhMXJlSEyie6gQbtLq5NM3loB8=
+github.com/posener/complete v1.1.1 h1:ccV59UEOTzVDnDUEFdT95ZzHVZ+5+158q8+SJb2QV5w=
 github.com/posener/complete v1.2.3 h1:NP0eAhjcjImqslEwo/1hq7gpajME0fTLTezBKDqfXqo=
 github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c h1:ncq/mPwQF4JjgDlrVEn3C11VoGHZN7m8qihwgMEtzYw=
 github.com/prashantv/gostub v1.1.0 h1:BTyx3RfQjRHnUWaGF9oQos79AlQ5k8WNktv7VGvVH4g=
@@ -1152,16 +1209,19 @@ github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt v0.6.0 h1:REOEXCs/NFY/1jOCEouMuT4zEniE5YoXbvpC5X/
 github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt v0.6.0/go.mod h1:U8+INwJo3nBv1m6A/8OBXAq7Jnpspk5AxSgDyEQcea8=
 github.com/samuel/go-zookeeper v0.0.0-20190923202752-2cc03de413da h1:p3Vo3i64TCLY7gIfzeQaUJ+kppEO5WQG3cL8iE8tGHU=
 github.com/sanity-io/litter v1.5.5 h1:iE+sBxPBzoK6uaEP5Lt3fHNgpKcHXc/A2HGETy0uJQo=
+github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v5 v5.3.1 h1:lZUw3E0/J3roVtGQ+SCrUrg3ON6NgVqpn3+iol9aGu4=
 github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v5 v5.3.1/go.mod h1:uToXkOrWAZ6/Oc07xWQrPOhJotwFIyu2bBVN41fcDUY=
 github.com/schollz/closestmatch v2.1.0+incompatible h1:Uel2GXEpJqOWBrlyI+oY9LTiyyjYS17cCYRqP13/SHk=
 github.com/sean-/seed v0.0.0-20170313163322-e2103e2c3529 h1:nn5Wsu0esKSJiIVhscUtVbo7ada43DJhG55ua/hjS5I=
 github.com/seccomp/libseccomp-golang v0.9.1 h1:NJjM5DNFOs0s3kYE1WUOr6G8V97sdt46rlXTMfXGWBo=
+github.com/seccomp/libseccomp-golang v0.9.2-0.20220502022130-f33da4d89646 h1:RpforrEYXWkmGwJHIGnLZ3tTWStkjVVstwzNGqxX2Ds=
 github.com/seccomp/libseccomp-golang v0.9.2-0.20220502022130-f33da4d89646/go.mod h1:JA8cRccbGaA1s33RQf7Y1+q9gHmZX1yB/z9WDN1C6fg=
 github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0 h1:9BQrFxC+YOHJlTlHGkTrFWf59nbL3XnCoFLTwDCI7ys=
 github.com/segmentio/asm v1.2.0/go.mod h1:BqMnlJP91P8d+4ibuonYZw9mfnzI9HfxselHZr5aAcs=
 github.com/segmentio/fasthash v1.0.3 h1:EI9+KE1EwvMLBWwjpRDc+fEM+prwxDYbslddQGtrmhM=
 github.com/sei-protocol/go-ethereum v1.15.7-sei-12 h1:3Wj5nU7X0+mKcDho6mwf0leVytQWmNEq6xFv9Wr+HOs=
 github.com/sei-protocol/go-ethereum v1.15.7-sei-12/go.mod h1:+S9k+jFzlyVTNcYGvqFhzN/SFhI6vA+aOY4T5tLSPL0=
+github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.0.0 h1:Kpca3qRNrduNnOQeazBd0ysaKrUJiIuISHxogkT9RPQ=
 github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.1.0 h1:we8PVUC3FE2uYfodKH/nBHMSetSfHDR6scGdBi+erh0=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.22.9/go.mod h1:bBYl1kjgEJpWpxeHmLI+dVHWtyAwfcmSBLDsp2TNT8A=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.23.2 h1:PAWSuiAszn7IhPMBtXsbSCafej7PqUOvY6YywlQUExU=
@@ -1181,6 +1241,7 @@ github.com/sony/gobreaker v0.4.1 h1:oMnRNZXX5j85zso6xCPRNPtmAycat+WcoKbklScLDgQ=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UBogFpq8E9Hx+xc5CNTTEpTnuHVmXDwZcZcE1eb/UhQ=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v1.3.0/go.mod h1:BrRVncBjOJa/eUcVVm9CE+oC6as8k+VYr4NY7WCi9V4=
 github.com/spf13/cobra v1.6.0/go.mod h1:IOw/AERYS7UzyrGinqmz6HLUo219MORXGxhbaJUqzrY=
+github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman v1.1.0 h1:ue6voC5bR5F8YxI5S67j9i582FU4Qvo2bmqnqMYADFk=
 github.com/spf13/viper v1.10.0/go.mod h1:SoyBPwAtKDzypXNDFKN5kzH7ppppbGZtls1UpIy5AsM=
 github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0 h1:N2I01KCUkv1FAjZXJMwh95KK1ZIQLYbPfhaxw8WS0hE=
 github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.5.0/go.mod h1:P+NxobPc6wXhVtINNtFjNWGBTreew1GBUCwT2wPmb7g=
@@ -1202,10 +1263,12 @@ github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.37.0-dev/go.mod h1:cEvyfTDZKrgpt13uLeFX8+xst
 github.com/tidwall/sjson v1.1.4 h1:bTSsPLdAYF5QNLSwYsKfBKKTnlGbIuhqL3CpRsjzGhg=
 github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.10/go.mod h1:C8XykCvCb+Gn0oNCWPIlcb0RuglQTYaQ2hGm7jmxEFk=
 github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.4.0/go.mod h1:1+UI3pD8NW14VMwdgJNJ1ESk2UnwhAnz5hMwiKKqXCQ=
+github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20190109142713-0ad062ec5ee5 h1:LnC5Kc/wtumK+WB441p7ynQJzVuNRJiqddSIE3IlSEQ=
 github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20200427203606-3cfed13b9966 h1:j6JEOq5QWFker+d7mFQYOhjTZonQ7YkLTHm56dbn+yM=
 github.com/tomasen/realip v0.0.0-20180522021738-f0c99a92ddce h1:fb190+cK2Xz/dvi9Hv8eCYJYvIGUTN2/KLq1pT6CjEc=
 github.com/torquem-ch/mdbx-go v0.27.5 h1:bbhXQGFCmoxbRDXKYEJwxSOOTeBKwoD4pFBUpK9+V1g=
 github.com/torquem-ch/mdbx-go v0.27.5/go.mod h1:T2fsoJDVppxfAPTLd1svUgH1kpPmeXdPESmroSHcL1E=
+github.com/tv42/httpunix v0.0.0-20150427012821-b75d8614f926 h1:G3dpKMzFDjgEh2q1Z7zUUtKa8ViPtH+ocF0bE0g00O8=
 github.com/tv42/httpunix v0.0.0-20191220191345-2ba4b9c3382c h1:u6SKchux2yDvFQnDHS3lPnIRmfVJ5Sxy3ao2SIdysLQ=
 github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 v1.0.2 h1:+t3w+KwLXO6154GNJY+qUtIxLTmFjfUmpguQT1OlOT8=
 github.com/uptrace/opentelemetry-go-extra/otelgorm v0.3.2 h1:Jjn3zoRz13f8b1bR6LrXWglx93Sbh4kYfwgmPju3E2k=
@@ -1260,16 +1323,21 @@ go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.0 h1:4seM66oLzTpz50u4K1zlJyOXQ3tCzcJN7I22tKkjipw=
 go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.0/go.mod h1:7y9FF8VtPWqpxuAxl0KQWqaULxW4zFIesD6zF5RIHHg=
 go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.1 h1:16/AfSxcQISGN5z9C5lM+0mLYXihrHbQ1onvYTr93aQ=
 go.einride.tech/aip v0.68.1/go.mod h1:XaFtaj4HuA3Zwk9xoBtTWgNubZ0ZZXv9BZJCkuKuWbg=
+go.etcd.io/etcd v0.0.0-20191023171146-3cf2f69b5738 h1:VcrIfasaLFkyjk6KNlXQSzO+B0fZcnECiDrKJsfxka0=
 go.etcd.io/etcd v0.0.0-20200513171258-e048e166ab9c h1:/RwRVN9EdXAVtdHxP7Ndn/tfmM9/goiwU0QTnLBgS4w=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.0 h1:GsV3S+OfZEOCNXdtNkBSR7kgLobAa/SO6tCxRa0GAYw=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.1/go.mod h1:cbVKeC6lCfl7j/8jBhAK6aIYO9XOjdptoxU/nLQcPvs=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.4 h1:OHVyt3TopwtUQ2GKdd5wu3PmmipR4FTwCqoEjSyRdIc=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.4/go.mod h1:5GB2vv4A4AOn3yk7MftYGHkUfGtDHnEraIjym4dYz5A=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.0 h1:2aQv6F436YnN7I4VbI8PPYrBhu+SmrTaADcf8Mi/6PU=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.1/go.mod h1:IJHfcCEKxYu1Os13ZdwCwIUTUVGYTSAM3YSwc9/Ac1g=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.4 h1:lrneYvz923dvC14R54XcA7FXoZ3mlGZAgmwhfm7HqOg=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.4/go.mod h1:IJHfcCEKxYu1Os13ZdwCwIUTUVGYTSAM3YSwc9/Ac1g=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.0 h1:ftQ0nOOHMcbMS3KIaDQ0g5Qcd6bhaBrQT6b89DfwLTs=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.1/go.mod h1:pMEacxZW7o8pg4CrFE7pquyCJJzZvkvdD2RibOCCCGs=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.4 h1:Dcx3/MYyfKcPNLpR4VVQUP5KgYrBeJtktBwEKkw08Ao=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.4/go.mod h1:Ud+VUwIi9/uQHOMA+4ekToJ12lTxlv0zB/+DHwTGEbU=
+go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.0 h1:62Eh0XOro+rDwkrypAGDfgmNh5Joq+z+W9HZdlXMzek=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.0/go.mod h1:AIKXXVX/DQXtfTEqBryiLTUXwON+GuvO6Z7lLS/oTh0=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.4 h1:p83BUL3tAYS0OT/r0qglgc3M1JjhM0diV8DSWAhVXv4=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.4/go.mod h1:ZaRkVgBZC+L+dLCjTcF1hRXpgZXQPOvnA/Ak/gq3kiY=
@@ -1330,6 +1398,7 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0 h1:xJvq7gMzB31/d406fB8U5CBdyQGw4P399D1aQWU
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0/go.mod h1:keN8WnHxOy8PG0rQZjJJ5A2ebUoafqWp0eVQ4yIXvJ4=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.7.0 h1:jX1VolD6nHuFzOYso2E73H85i92Mv8JQYk0K9vz09os=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.7.0/go.mod h1:fSKjH6YJ7HDlwzltzyMj036AJ3ejJLCgCSHGj4efDDo=
+go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0 h1:9qC72Qh0+3MqyJbAn8YU5xVq1frD8bn3JtD2oXtafVQ=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0/go.mod h1:LUxbIzbOniOlMKjJjyPfpl4v+PKK2cNJn91OQbhoJI0=
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2 h1:2LxUOGiR3O6tw8ui5sZa2LAaHnsviZdVOUZw4fvbnME=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.10.0/go.mod h1:20+QtiLqy0Nd6FdQB9TLXag12DsQkrbs3htMFfDN80Y=
@@ -1376,6 +1445,7 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20251008203120-078029d740a8 h1:LvzTn0GQhWuvKH/kVRS3R3bVAsdQWI7hvfLHGgh9+lU=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20251008203120-078029d740a8/go.mod h1:Pi4ztBfryZoJEkyFTI5/Ocsu2jXyDr6iSdgJiYE/uwE=
+golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20260109210033-bd525da824e2 h1:O1cMQHRfwNpDfDJerqRoE2oD+AFlyid87D40L/OkkJo=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20260109210033-bd525da824e2/go.mod h1:b7fPSJ0pKZ3ccUh8gnTONJxhn3c/PS6tyzQvyqw4iA8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.32.0/go.mod h1:uZG1FhGx848Sqfsq4/DlJr3xGGsYMu/L5GW4abiaEPQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.16.0/go.mod h1:GhwF1Be+LQoKShO3cGOHzqOgRrGaYc9AvblQOmPVHnI=
@@ -1392,6 +1462,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hpksKq4dtpQWS1uQ61JkdqWM3LscIS6Slf+VVkm+wQk
 golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0/go.mod h1:pnu6ufv6vQkll6szChhK3C3L/ruaIv5eBeztNG8wtsI=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0/go.mod h1:TPVVj70c7JJ3WCazhD8OdXcZg/og+b9+tH/KxylGwH0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0/go.mod h1:MBN5QPQtLMHVdvsbtarmTNukZDdgwdwlO5qGacAzF0w=
+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2 h1:H2TDz8ibqkAF6YGhCdN3jS9O0/s90v0rJh3X/OLHEUk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20240903120638-7835f813f4da h1:noIWHXmPHxILtqtCOPIhSt0ABwskkZKjD3bXGnZGpNY=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20240903120638-7835f813f4da/go.mod h1:NDW/Ps6MPRej6fsCIbMTohpP40sJ/P/vI1MoTEGwX90=
 gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.11.0 h1:f1IJhK4Km5tBJmaiJXtk/PkL4cdVX6J+tGiM187uT5E=
@@ -1404,6 +1475,7 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.237.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkK
 google.golang.org/api v0.239.0/go.mod h1:cOVEm2TpdAGHL2z+UwyS+kmlGr3bVWQQ6sYEqkKje50=
 google.golang.org/api v0.247.0 h1:tSd/e0QrUlLsrwMKmkbQhYVa109qIintOls2Wh6bngc=
 google.golang.org/api v0.247.0/go.mod h1:r1qZOPmxXffXg6xS5uhx16Fa/UFY8QU/K4bfKrnvovM=
+google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 h1:FZR1q0exgwxzPzp/aF+VccGrSfxfPpkBqjIIEq3ru6c=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8 h1:IhEN5q69dyKagZPYMSdIjS2HqprW324FRQZJcGqPAsM=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.8/go.mod h1:1jJ3jBArFh5pcgW8gCtRJnepW8FzD1V44FJffLiz/Ds=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20211129164237-f09f9a12af12/go.mod h1:5CzLGKJ67TSI2B9POpiiyGha0AjJvZIUgRMt1dSmuhc=
@@ -1443,6 +1515,7 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.5/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojt
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.7/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6 h1:jMFz6MfLP0/4fUyZle81rXUoxOBFi19VUFKVDOQfozc=
+gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 v1.0.25 h1:Ev7yu1/f6+d+b3pi5vPdRPc6nNtP1umSfcWiEfRqv6I=
 gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 v1.0.28 h1:n1tBJnnK2r7g9OW2btFH91V92STTUevLXYFb8gy9EMk=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0 h1:0vLT13EuvQ0hNvakwLuFZ/jYrLp5F3kcWHXdRggjCE8=
 gopkg.in/evanphx/json-patch.v4 v4.13.0 h1:czT3CmqEaQ1aanPc5SdlgQrrEIb8w/wwCvWWnfEbYzo=
@@ -1461,6 +1534,7 @@ gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0 h1:2dxzU8xJ+ivvqTRph34QX+WrRaJlmfyPqXmoGVjMBa4=
 gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0/go.mod h1:vUw0mrGgrTK+uPHEhAdV4sfFELrByKVGnaVRkXDhtWo=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1 h1:lSHg33jJTBxs2mgJRfRZeLDG+WZaHYCk3Wtfl6Ngzo4=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.30.1/go.mod h1:8Z33v652h4//uMA76KjeDH8mJXPm1QNCYrMeatR0DOE=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.2 h1:7koQfIKdy+I8UTetycgUqXWSDwpgv193Ka+qRsmBY8Q=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.2/go.mod h1:LtdLGcnqToBH83WByAAi/wiwSFCArdFIUV/xxN4pcjA=
 k8s.io/api v0.35.0 h1:iBAU5LTyBI9vw3L5glmat1njFK34srdLmktWwLTprlY=
 k8s.io/api v0.35.0/go.mod h1:AQ0SNTzm4ZAczM03QH42c7l3bih1TbAXYo0DkF8ktnA=
diff --git a/sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go b/sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ad85e4066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-tendermint/node/setup_benchmark.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//go:build benchmark
+
+package node
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/felixge/fgprof"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	// Register fgprof handler on DefaultServeMux alongside net/http/pprof.
+	// fgprof captures both on-CPU and off-CPU (I/O, blocking) time, unlike
+	// the standard CPU profiler which only sees on-CPU time.
+	http.DefaultServeMux.Handle("/debug/fgprof", fgprof.Handler())
+}

From 069d6a6e9aaa7a0dc982e5f32cc4a156e3acce85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 14:20:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/47] chore(benchmark): reduce default compare duration from
 600s to 120s

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md            | 2 +-
 benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
index 1a06b8e371..55c52e59b5 100644
--- a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Inherits all benchmark.sh vars via delegation. Additionally:
 
 | Var | Default | Purpose |
 |-----|---------|---------|
-| `DURATION` | `600` | How long (seconds) to run each node before stopping |
+| `DURATION` | `120` | How long (seconds) to run each node before stopping |
 | `GIGA_EXECUTOR` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
 | `GIGA_OCC` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
 | `DB_BACKEND` | `goleveldb` | Forwarded to build and init phases |
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
index d93c37af7c..9a05ae4cf0 100755
--- a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
 GIGA_EXECUTOR=${GIGA_EXECUTOR:-true}
 GIGA_OCC=${GIGA_OCC:-true}
 BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
-DURATION=${DURATION:-600}
+DURATION=${DURATION:-120}
 BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json"}
 DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
 BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench"
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   mkdir -p "$BASE_DIR/$label"
 
   echo -n "  Building [$label] from ${commit}... "
+  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout -- go.work.sum 2>/dev/null || true
   git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$commit" --detach 2>/dev/null
   # Forward DB_BACKEND build tags if needed
   BUILD_TAGS=""

From 1b64eb1cc3c2a4bd2d97420c2283bddad6332b28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 14:42:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/47] feat(benchmark): add DURATION auto-stop with profile
 capture and TPS extraction

benchmark.sh now runs for DURATION seconds (default 120), auto-captures
all 6 profile types midway, extracts TPS stats, and exits cleanly.
DURATION=0 preserves the original run-forever behavior. Also documents
the full optimization loop workflow in CLAUDE.md.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md    |  34 ++++++---
 benchmark/benchmark.sh | 153 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
index 55c52e59b5..3586589371 100644
--- a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -3,16 +3,17 @@
 ## Single scenario
 
 ```bash
-GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DEBUG=true benchmark/benchmark.sh
+GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true benchmark/benchmark.sh
 ```
 
-TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). To capture output and extract TPS:
+By default, the benchmark runs for `DURATION=120` seconds, auto-captures all 6 profile types, extracts TPS stats, and exits. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/pprof/`, TPS data to `/tmp/sei-bench/tps.txt`, and the full log to `/tmp/sei-bench/output.log`.
 
-```bash
-LOG_FILE=/tmp/bench.log DEBUG=true benchmark/benchmark.sh
+Use `DURATION=0` to run forever (manual capture, original behavior).
+
+TPS is logged every 5s as `tps=<value>` (with ANSI color codes). For manual extraction:
 
-# Extract TPS values
-sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' /tmp/bench.log | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
+```bash
+sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' /tmp/sei-bench/output.log | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p'
 ```
 
 Available scenarios in `benchmark/scenarios/`: `evm.json` (default), `erc20.json`, `mixed.json`, `default.json`.
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json benchmark/benchmark.sh
 | `MOCK_BALANCES` | `true` | Use mock balances during benchmark |
 | `DISABLE_INDEXER` | `true` | Disable indexer for benchmark (reduces I/O overhead) |
 | `DEBUG` | `false` | Print all log output without filtering |
+| `DURATION` | `120` | Auto-stop after N seconds (0 = run forever) |
 
 ### benchmark-compare.sh
 
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Resul
 
 ### Available profile types
 
-`benchmark-compare.sh` automatically captures all profile types midway through the run. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/`.
+Both `benchmark.sh` (when `DURATION > 0`) and `benchmark-compare.sh` automatically capture all profile types midway through the run. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/pprof/` (single-scenario) or `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/` (compare).
 
 | Profile | File | What it shows |
 |---------|------|---------------|
@@ -93,7 +95,9 @@ Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Resul
 
 ### Capturing profiles during single-scenario runs
 
-Single-scenario `benchmark.sh` runs enable the pprof HTTP endpoint but don't auto-capture profiles. Capture manually in another terminal:
+When `DURATION > 0` (default), `benchmark.sh` automatically captures all 6 profile types midway through the run. Profiles are saved to `/tmp/sei-bench/pprof/`.
+
+When `DURATION=0` (run-forever mode), capture manually in another terminal:
 
 ```bash
 PPROF_PORT=6060  # adjust with PORT_OFFSET if set
@@ -168,3 +172,17 @@ go tool pprof /tmp/sei-bench/<label>/pprof/cpu.pb.gz
 ```
 
 Run `go tool pprof` from the sei-chain repo root so that `list` and `web` commands can resolve source file paths.
+
+## Optimization loop
+
+Full iteration cycle for profiling, optimizing, and validating performance changes:
+
+1. **Profile:** Run `benchmark/benchmark.sh` (auto-captures all 6 profile types, extracts TPS, exits)
+2. **Analyze:** Inspect profiles with `go tool pprof -top -cum /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` (repeat for fgprof, heap with `-alloc_space`, goroutine, block, mutex)
+3. **Flamegraphs:** Open interactive UIs: `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+4. **Summarize:** Present findings to user — biggest bottleneck, candidate optimizations, expected impact, and trade-offs
+5. **Discuss:** Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue before writing any code. The user picks the approach or suggests an alternative
+6. **Implement:** Make the optimization, commit
+7. **Compare:** Run `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<before-commit> candidate=<after-commit>`
+8. **Validate:** Open diff flamegraphs for the user (`go tool pprof -http=:808X -diff_base <baseline> <candidate> &` for cpu, fgprof, heap). Present a CLI summary of TPS delta and profile regressions/improvements. Ask the user whether to open a PR
+9. **PR** if user approves
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark.sh b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
index c8e97bd3c9..cf7dfeb3d9 100755
--- a/benchmark/benchmark.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ SEID_BIN=${SEID_BIN:-""}
 BENCHMARK_PHASE=${BENCHMARK_PHASE:-all}
 # Redirect seid output to file
 LOG_FILE=${LOG_FILE:-""}
+# Auto-stop after N seconds (0 = run forever, for backward compat)
+DURATION=${DURATION:-120}
 
 # Portable path resolution
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
@@ -73,6 +75,7 @@ echo "  SEI_HOME:                $SEI_HOME"
 echo "  PORT_OFFSET:             $PORT_OFFSET"
 echo "  SEID_BIN:                ${SEID_BIN:-(build from source)}"
 echo "  BENCHMARK_PHASE:         $BENCHMARK_PHASE"
+echo "  DURATION:                $DURATION (0=forever)"
 echo ""
 echo "Available scenarios in $SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/:"
 ls -1 "$SCRIPT_DIR"/scenarios/*.json 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/    /' || echo "    (none found)"
@@ -309,6 +312,8 @@ echo "To capture 30s CPU profile during benchmark:"
 echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30"
 echo "To capture heap profile:"
 echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap"
+echo "To capture 30s fgprof (wall-clock):"
+echo "  go tool pprof http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30"
 echo "============================================================"
 echo ""
 
@@ -318,15 +323,147 @@ if [ "$SEI_HOME" != "$HOME/.sei" ]; then
   SEID_ARGS+=(--home "$SEI_HOME")
 fi
 
-if [ -n "$LOG_FILE" ]; then
-  # Redirect all output to log file
-  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" > "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1
-elif [ "$DEBUG" = true ]; then
-  # Debug mode: print all output
-  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}"
+if [ "$DURATION" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
+  # ---- Timed run: background seid, capture profiles, extract TPS ----
+  BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench"
+  PROFILE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/pprof"
+  mkdir -p "$PROFILE_DIR"
+
+  # Auto-generate log file if not set
+  if [ -z "$LOG_FILE" ]; then
+    LOG_FILE="$BASE_DIR/output.log"
+  fi
+
+  echo "Running for ${DURATION}s (log: $LOG_FILE)"
+  echo ""
+
+  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH \
+    "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" > "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1 &
+  SEID_PID=$!
+
+  cleanup_seid() {
+    kill "$SEID_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+  }
+  trap cleanup_seid EXIT
+
+  # Wait until midway, then capture profiles
+  PPROF_WAIT=$(( DURATION / 2 ))
+  echo "  Waiting ${PPROF_WAIT}s before capturing profiles..."
+  sleep "$PPROF_WAIT" || true
+
+  echo ""
+  echo "=== Capturing profiles (30s CPU + 30s fgprof + heap + goroutine + block + mutex) ==="
+  PPROF_PIDS=()
+
+  # CPU profile (30s)
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # fgprof (30s) — wall-clock time
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Heap snapshot
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Goroutine dump
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/goroutine.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Block profile
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/block?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/block.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  # Mutex contention profile
+  curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/mutex?debug=0" \
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/mutex.pb.gz" &
+  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+
+  echo "  Capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $PROFILE_DIR/"
+
+  # Wait for all profile captures to finish
+  for pid in "${PPROF_PIDS[@]}"; do
+    wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+  done
+  echo "  Profile capture complete."
+
+  # Verify profile sizes
+  cpu_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  fgprof_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  heap_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  goroutine_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/goroutine.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  block_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/block.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  mutex_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/mutex.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
+  echo "  cpu=${cpu_size}B fgprof=${fgprof_size}B heap=${heap_size}B goroutine=${goroutine_size}B block=${block_size}B mutex=${mutex_size}B"
+
+  # Wait remaining time
+  REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - 30 ))
+  if [ "$REMAINING" -gt 0 ]; then
+    echo ""
+    echo "  Continuing benchmark for ${REMAINING}s..."
+    sleep "$REMAINING" || true
+  fi
+
+  echo ""
+  echo "Stopping seid..."
+  kill "$SEID_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+  wait "$SEID_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+  trap - EXIT
+
+  # ---- Extract TPS stats ----
+  TPS_FILE="$BASE_DIR/tps.txt"
+  sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$LOG_FILE" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*tps=\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/p' > "$TPS_FILE"
+
+  HEIGHT=$(sed 's/\x1b\[[0-9;]*m//g' "$LOG_FILE" \
+    | sed -n 's/.*height=\([0-9]*\).*/\1/p' | tail -1)
+
+  STATS=$(sort -n "$TPS_FILE" | awk '
+    NR>3 && $1>1000 {
+      sum += $1; count++
+      a[count] = $1
+    }
+    END {
+      if (count == 0) { printf "NO DATA"; exit }
+      median = (count % 2 == 1) ? a[int(count/2)+1] : (a[int(count/2)] + a[int(count/2)+1]) / 2
+      printf "Readings: %d | Median: %.0f | Avg: %.0f | Min: %.0f | Max: %.0f", \
+        count, median, sum/count, a[1], a[count]
+    }')
+
+  echo ""
+  echo "======================================================="
+  echo "=== Benchmark Results (${DURATION}s run) ==="
+  echo "======================================================="
+  echo ""
+  echo "  Height: ${HEIGHT:-N/A}"
+  echo "  $STATS"
+  echo ""
+  echo "Raw TPS:   $TPS_FILE"
+  echo "Full log:  $LOG_FILE"
+  echo "Profiles:  $PROFILE_DIR/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz"
+  echo ""
+  echo "Quick analysis:"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -top $PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -top $PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -alloc_space -top $PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz"
+  echo "Interactive flamegraph:"
+  echo "  go tool pprof -http=:8080 $PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz"
+
 else
-  # Normal mode: filter to benchmark-related output only
-  BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" 2>&1 | grep -E "(benchmark|Benchmark|deployed|transitioning)"
+  # ---- DURATION=0: run forever (original behavior) ----
+  if [ -n "$LOG_FILE" ]; then
+    BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" > "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1
+  elif [ "$DEBUG" = true ]; then
+    BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}"
+  else
+    BENCHMARK_CONFIG=$BENCHMARK_CONFIG BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=$BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH "$SEID" "${SEID_ARGS[@]}" 2>&1 | grep -E "(benchmark|Benchmark|deployed|transitioning)"
+  fi
 fi
 
 fi # end BENCHMARK_PHASE=start

From dcbfd5a023ca401918c4dafbe03266e981b64864 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 14:50:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/47] docs(benchmark): open cpu, fgprof, and heap flamegraphs
 in optimization loop

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
index 3586589371..a4da4358be 100644
--- a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ Full iteration cycle for profiling, optimizing, and validating performance chang
 
 1. **Profile:** Run `benchmark/benchmark.sh` (auto-captures all 6 profile types, extracts TPS, exits)
 2. **Analyze:** Inspect profiles with `go tool pprof -top -cum /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` (repeat for fgprof, heap with `-alloc_space`, goroutine, block, mutex)
-3. **Flamegraphs:** Open interactive UIs: `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+3. **Flamegraphs:** Open interactive UIs for cpu, fgprof, and heap on separate ports: `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`, `go tool pprof -http=:8081 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`, `go tool pprof -http=:8082 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
 4. **Summarize:** Present findings to user — biggest bottleneck, candidate optimizations, expected impact, and trade-offs
 5. **Discuss:** Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue before writing any code. The user picks the approach or suggests an alternative
 6. **Implement:** Make the optimization, commit

From d22930c8f9412e755937705f60f50fa168f92763 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 15:11:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/47] feat(benchmark): add /optimize command for
 profiling-driven optimization loop

Adds a Claude Code command that runs a structured optimization workflow:
profile -> analyze -> discuss -> implement -> compare -> validate.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .claude/commands/optimize.md | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .claude/commands/optimize.md

diff --git a/.claude/commands/optimize.md b/.claude/commands/optimize.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6b893c323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.claude/commands/optimize.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+---
+name: optimize
+description: Run a profiling-driven optimization loop for a specific function
+argument-hint: "<function-name> e.g. executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor"
+allowed-tools:
+  - Read
+  - Write
+  - Edit
+  - Glob
+  - Grep
+  - Bash
+  - Task
+  - AskUserQuestion
+---
+
+# Optimization Loop for: $ARGUMENTS
+
+You are running a profiling-driven optimization loop focused on the function `$ARGUMENTS`.
+
+## References
+
+Read `benchmark/CLAUDE.md` for benchmark commands, environment variables, profiling, and the full optimization loop steps.
+
+## Workflow
+
+Execute the optimization loop from benchmark/CLAUDE.md section "Optimization loop", but focused on `$ARGUMENTS`:
+
+### Phase 1: Understand the target function
+
+1. Find the function `$ARGUMENTS` in the codebase using Grep
+2. Read the function and its callers/callees to understand the hot path
+3. Identify what packages, types, and helpers it uses
+
+### Phase 2: Profile
+
+4. Run the benchmark: `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true benchmark/benchmark.sh`
+5. Wait for it to complete (default DURATION=120s)
+
+### Phase 3: Analyze (focused on target function)
+
+6. Run pprof analysis focused on `$ARGUMENTS` and its call tree. Run these in parallel:
+   - CPU: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - fgprof: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Heap (alloc_space): `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Heap (alloc_objects): `go tool pprof -alloc_objects -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Block: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/block.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Mutex: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/mutex.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+7. Use `go tool pprof -text -focus='$ARGUMENTS' /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` to get function-focused breakdown
+8. Open flamegraphs on separate ports for the user to inspect:
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8081 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8082 -alloc_space /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
+
+### Phase 4: Summarize and discuss
+
+9. Present findings to the user:
+   - TPS from the benchmark run (extract from `/tmp/sei-bench/tps.txt`)
+   - Where `$ARGUMENTS` and its callees spend the most time (CPU, wall-clock)
+   - Biggest allocation hotspots within the function's call tree
+   - Any contention (block/mutex) in the function's path
+   - Top 2-3 candidate optimizations with expected impact and trade-offs
+10. Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue. Do NOT write any code until the user picks.
+
+### Phase 5: Implement
+
+11. Implement the chosen optimization
+12. Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified `.go` files
+13. Commit the change
+
+### Phase 6: Compare
+
+14. Record the commit hash before and after the optimization
+15. Run comparison: `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<before-commit> candidate=<after-commit>`
+16. Open diff flamegraphs for the user:
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8083 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8084 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8085 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
+
+### Phase 7: Validate
+
+17. Present results:
+    - TPS delta (baseline vs candidate)
+    - CPU diff: `go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz`
+    - Heap diff: `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz`
+18. Ask the user: keep, iterate, or revert?
+19. If keep and user approves, ask whether to open a PR
+
+## Important rules
+
+- ALWAYS ask the user before writing any optimization code (step 10)
+- ALWAYS ask the user before opening a PR (step 19)
+- Cross-session benchmark numbers are NOT comparable. Only compare within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run.
+- Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified Go files before committing
+- If `$ARGUMENTS` is empty or not found, ask the user to provide the function name

From 6dd8b0bef54bf6589b5902003e34ffd0c7282c09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 18:01:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/47] fix(benchmark): capture CPU and fgprof profiles
 sequentially to avoid corruption

Go's CPU profiler and fgprof conflict when running concurrently on the
same process, producing empty or corrupted profiles. Switch from parallel
background captures to sequential execution (CPU first, then fgprof),
measure actual capture duration for accurate remaining-time calculation,
and make BASE_DIR overridable so benchmark-compare.sh can route profiles
to per-label directories.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 benchmark/benchmark.sh         | 52 +++++++++++++-------------------
 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
index 9a05ae4cf0..bd870e3360 100755
--- a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
 
   BENCHMARK_PHASE=start \
   SEI_HOME="$home_dir" \
+  BASE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/$label" \
   SEID_BIN="$seid" \
   PORT_OFFSET="$port_offset" \
   LOG_FILE="$log_file" \
@@ -192,7 +193,11 @@ sleep "$PPROF_WAIT" || true
 
 echo ""
 echo "=== Capturing profiles (30s CPU + 30s fgprof + heap + goroutine + block + mutex) ==="
-PPROF_PIDS=()
+set +e
+PROFILE_CAPTURE_START=$(date +%s)
+
+# Capture CPU across all nodes first, then fgprof, then remaining profiles.
+# CPU and fgprof cannot run together on the same process.
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
   port_offset=$((i * 100))
@@ -201,44 +206,57 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   mkdir -p "$profile_dir"
 
   # CPU profile (30s) — on-CPU time only
+  echo "  [$label] capturing cpu"
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30" \
-    -o "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$profile_dir/cpu.pb.gz"
+done
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
 
   # fgprof (30s) — wall-clock time (on-CPU + off-CPU/I/O/blocking)
+  echo "  [$label] capturing fgprof"
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30" \
-    -o "$profile_dir/fgprof.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$profile_dir/fgprof.pb.gz"
+done
+
+for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
+  label="${LABELS[$i]}"
+  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
+  profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
+
+  echo "  [$label] capturing heap/goroutine/block/mutex"
 
   # Heap snapshot
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap?debug=0" \
-    -o "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$profile_dir/heap.pb.gz"
 
   # Goroutine dump
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=0" \
-    -o "$profile_dir/goroutine.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$profile_dir/goroutine.pb.gz"
 
   # Block profile (time waiting on channels/mutexes)
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/block?debug=0" \
-    -o "$profile_dir/block.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$profile_dir/block.pb.gz"
 
   # Mutex contention profile
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/mutex?debug=0" \
-    -o "$profile_dir/mutex.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$profile_dir/mutex.pb.gz"
 
   echo "  [$label] capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $profile_dir/"
 done
 
-# Wait for all profile captures to finish
-for pid in "${PPROF_PIDS[@]}"; do
-  wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
-done
 echo "  profile capture complete."
 
+set -e
+
+PROFILE_CAPTURE_END=$(date +%s)
+PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS=$(( PROFILE_CAPTURE_END - PROFILE_CAPTURE_START ))
+
 # Verify profile sizes
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
@@ -253,7 +271,7 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
 done
 
 # Wait remaining time
-REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - 30 ))
+REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS ))
 if [ "$REMAINING" -gt 0 ]; then
   echo ""
   echo "  Continuing benchmark for ${REMAINING}s..."
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark.sh b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
index cf7dfeb3d9..6145f3465f 100755
--- a/benchmark/benchmark.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ fi
 
 if [ "$DURATION" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
   # ---- Timed run: background seid, capture profiles, extract TPS ----
-  BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench"
+  BASE_DIR="${BASE_DIR:-/tmp/sei-bench}"
   PROFILE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/pprof"
   mkdir -p "$PROFILE_DIR"
 
@@ -352,47 +352,37 @@ if [ "$DURATION" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
   sleep "$PPROF_WAIT" || true
 
   echo ""
-  echo "=== Capturing profiles (30s CPU + 30s fgprof + heap + goroutine + block + mutex) ==="
-  PPROF_PIDS=()
+  echo "=== Capturing profiles (30s CPU + 30s fgprof + others) ==="
+  set +e
+  PROFILE_CAPTURE_START=$(date +%s)
 
-  # CPU profile (30s)
+  # Capture sequentially to avoid runtime conflicts:
+  # Go pprof CPU and fgprof profiling cannot run at the same time.
+  echo "  capturing cpu profile ..."
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30" \
-    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz"
 
-  # fgprof (30s) — wall-clock time
+  echo "  capturing fgprof ..."
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/fgprof?seconds=30" \
-    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz"
 
-  # Heap snapshot
+  echo "  capturing heap/goroutine/block/mutex ..."
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/heap?debug=0" \
-    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
-
-  # Goroutine dump
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/heap.pb.gz"
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/goroutine?debug=0" \
-    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/goroutine.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
-
-  # Block profile
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/goroutine.pb.gz"
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/block?debug=0" \
-    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/block.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
-
-  # Mutex contention profile
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/block.pb.gz"
   curl -s "http://localhost:${PPROF_PORT}/debug/pprof/mutex?debug=0" \
-    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/mutex.pb.gz" &
-  PPROF_PIDS=("${PPROF_PIDS[@]}" $!)
+    -o "$PROFILE_DIR/mutex.pb.gz"
 
-  echo "  Capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $PROFILE_DIR/"
-
-  # Wait for all profile captures to finish
-  for pid in "${PPROF_PIDS[@]}"; do
-    wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
-  done
+  echo "  capturing from localhost:${PPROF_PORT} -> $PROFILE_DIR/"
   echo "  Profile capture complete."
 
+  PROFILE_CAPTURE_END=$(date +%s)
+  PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS=$(( PROFILE_CAPTURE_END - PROFILE_CAPTURE_START ))
+  set -e
+
   # Verify profile sizes
   cpu_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/cpu.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
   fgprof_size=$(wc -c < "$PROFILE_DIR/fgprof.pb.gz" 2>/dev/null | tr -d ' ' || echo 0)
@@ -403,7 +393,7 @@ if [ "$DURATION" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
   echo "  cpu=${cpu_size}B fgprof=${fgprof_size}B heap=${heap_size}B goroutine=${goroutine_size}B block=${block_size}B mutex=${mutex_size}B"
 
   # Wait remaining time
-  REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - 30 ))
+  REMAINING=$(( DURATION - PPROF_WAIT - PROFILE_CAPTURE_SECS ))
   if [ "$REMAINING" -gt 0 ]; then
     echo ""
     echo "  Continuing benchmark for ${REMAINING}s..."

From 62fcfd85f8a52e54cd6571d2df33aa5aa5703e22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <pavle@tenderly.co>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:16:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/47] fix: isolate benchmark-compare.sh for parallel
 invocations (#2898)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

## Summary

- Namespace `BASE_DIR` per run via `RUN_ID` (defaults to PID):
`/tmp/sei-bench-${RUN_ID}/`
- Auto-claim port offset slots via atomic `mkdir` (supports 30
concurrent runs, zero coordination)
- Replace `git checkout` with git worktrees for isolated builds (no
working tree collisions)
- Replace `~/go/bin/seid` with `GOBIN`-based builds per label (no binary
collisions)
- Replace `~/.sei` staging with `mktemp` + `--home` on all `seid`
commands (no init collisions)
- Pass `SEI_HOME_DIR`/`SEID_BIN` env vars to
`populate_genesis_accounts.py` (backward-compatible defaults)
- Fix pre-existing double lifecycle bug by passing `DURATION=0` to child
start-phase

## Test plan

- [x] Syntax check: `bash -n` on both shell scripts, `py_compile` on
Python
- [x] Two concurrent `benchmark-compare.sh` runs with `DURATION=120` —
both completed, separate `BASE_DIR`s, no port conflicts
- [x] All 6 profile types captured for all 4 nodes (CPU ~145KB, fgprof
~115KB, heap ~248KB, etc.)
- [x] TPS data collected (36-37 readings per node)
- [x] `pprof -diff_base` produces valid analyzable output from both runs
- [x] Port slot locks cleaned up after exit
- [x] Git worktrees cleaned up after exit
- [x] Backward compatible — no env vars needed for single-instance usage

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md                           | 27 +++++-
 benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh                | 92 ++++++++++++-------
 benchmark/benchmark.sh                        | 84 ++++++++---------
 loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py |  8 +-
 4 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
index a4da4358be..2e17bddcdb 100644
--- a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ BENCHMARK_CONFIG=benchmark/scenarios/erc20.json benchmark/benchmark.sh
 | Var | Default | Purpose |
 |-----|---------|---------|
 | `BENCHMARK_PHASE` | `all` | `init` (build+init+configure), `start` (run node), `all` (both) |
-| `SEI_HOME` | `$HOME/.sei` | Final chain data dir. If != ~/.sei, init in ~/.sei then `mv` |
+| `SEI_HOME` | `$HOME/.sei` | Final chain data dir. Init uses a temp staging dir, then moves here |
 | `PORT_OFFSET` | `0` | Added to all ports (RPC, P2P, pprof, gRPC, etc.) |
-| `SEID_BIN` | `""` | Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build + copy to ~/go/bin/seid |
+| `SEID_BIN` | `""` | Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build step |
 | `LOG_FILE` | `""` | Redirect seid output to file |
 | `BENCHMARK_CONFIG` | `$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json` | Scenario config file (absolute path resolved from script location) |
 | `BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH` | `1000` | Transactions per batch |
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ Inherits all benchmark.sh vars via delegation. Additionally:
 | `GIGA_EXECUTOR` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
 | `GIGA_OCC` | **`true`** | Overrides benchmark.sh default (false) |
 | `DB_BACKEND` | `goleveldb` | Forwarded to build and init phases |
+| `RUN_ID` | `$$` (PID) | Namespaces `BASE_DIR` as `/tmp/sei-bench-${RUN_ID}/` |
+| `RUN_PORT_OFFSET` | auto-claimed | Added to all per-scenario port offsets (auto-claimed via atomic `mkdir` slots) |
 
 **Note:** `GIGA_EXECUTOR` and `GIGA_OCC` default to `true` in the compare script but `false` in benchmark.sh. The compare script is designed for performance comparison where Giga Executor is typically enabled.
 
@@ -68,7 +70,26 @@ benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh \
   lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
 ```
 
-Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Results are printed at the end with median/avg/min/max TPS. Raw data in `/tmp/sei-bench/<label>/tps.txt`.
+Each scenario gets its own binary, home dir, and port set (offset by 100). Results are printed at the end with median/avg/min/max TPS. Raw data in `/tmp/sei-bench-<PID>/<label>/tps.txt`.
+
+### Running multiple comparisons concurrently
+
+Port offsets are auto-claimed, so the simplest parallel usage is just:
+
+```bash
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 opt=def456 &
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 fix=789abc &
+benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 alt=aabbcc &
+```
+
+Each instance gets its own `RUN_ID` (PID), `BASE_DIR`, and port range. No coordination needed.
+
+Manual override is available if needed:
+
+```bash
+RUN_PORT_OFFSET=0    benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 opt=def456 &
+RUN_PORT_OFFSET=1000 benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=abc123 fix=789abc &
+```
 
 ## Comparing results across sessions
 
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
index bd870e3360..640a452242 100755
--- a/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #     lazy-cms-fix=37a17fd02
 #
 # Each scenario gets its own seid binary, data dir, port set, and log file.
-# Init is sequential (fast, uses ~/.sei then moves). Run is parallel.
+# Init is sequential (fast, uses mktemp staging). Run is parallel.
 # After DURATION seconds (default 600), all nodes stop and TPS stats are printed.
 #
 # Environment variables (same as benchmark.sh):
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #   BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH   (default: 1000)
 #   DURATION                   (default: 600 seconds)
 #   BENCHMARK_CONFIG           (default: benchmark/scenarios/evm.json)
+#   RUN_ID                     (default: $$ PID — namespaces BASE_DIR)
+#   RUN_PORT_OFFSET            (default: auto-claimed slot — added to all port offsets)
 
 set -e
 
@@ -32,7 +34,26 @@ BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=${BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH:-1000}
 DURATION=${DURATION:-120}
 BENCHMARK_CONFIG=${BENCHMARK_CONFIG:-"$SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/evm.json"}
 DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
-BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench"
+RUN_ID=${RUN_ID:-$$}
+BASE_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench-${RUN_ID}"
+
+# Auto-claim a port offset slot using atomic mkdir if not explicitly set
+PORT_SLOT_DIR=""
+if [ -z "${RUN_PORT_OFFSET+x}" ]; then
+  for slot in $(seq 0 29); do
+    if mkdir "/tmp/sei-bench-port-slot-${slot}" 2>/dev/null; then
+      RUN_PORT_OFFSET=$((slot * 1000))
+      PORT_SLOT_DIR="/tmp/sei-bench-port-slot-${slot}"
+      break
+    fi
+  done
+  if [ -z "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Could not claim a port offset slot (all 30 slots in use)"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+else
+  RUN_PORT_OFFSET=${RUN_PORT_OFFSET}
+fi
 
 if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
   echo "Usage: $0 <label1>=<commit1> <label2>=<commit2> [...]"
@@ -59,20 +80,21 @@ done
 NUM=${#LABELS[@]}
 
 echo "=== Parallel Benchmark Comparison ==="
-echo "  Scenarios:      $NUM"
-echo "  Duration:       ${DURATION}s"
-echo "  GIGA_EXECUTOR:  $GIGA_EXECUTOR"
-echo "  GIGA_OCC:       $GIGA_OCC"
-echo "  TXS_PER_BATCH:  $BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH"
+echo "  Scenarios:        $NUM"
+echo "  Duration:         ${DURATION}s"
+echo "  GIGA_EXECUTOR:    $GIGA_EXECUTOR"
+echo "  GIGA_OCC:         $GIGA_OCC"
+echo "  TXS_PER_BATCH:    $BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH"
+echo "  RUN_ID:           $RUN_ID"
+echo "  RUN_PORT_OFFSET:  $RUN_PORT_OFFSET"
+echo "  BASE_DIR:         $BASE_DIR"
 echo ""
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   echo "  [$((i+1))] ${LABELS[$i]} = ${COMMITS[$i]}"
 done
 echo ""
 
-# Save current ref to restore later
-ORIGINAL_BRANCH=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" symbolic-ref --short HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo "")
-ORIGINAL_REF=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" rev-parse HEAD)
+WORKTREE_DIRS=()
 
 cleanup() {
   echo ""
@@ -82,10 +104,15 @@ cleanup() {
     pkill -f "seid-${label}" 2>/dev/null || true
   done
   sleep 2
-  if [ -n "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" ]; then
-    git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" 2>/dev/null || true
-  else
-    git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_REF" --detach 2>/dev/null || true
+  # Remove any leftover worktrees
+  for wt in "${WORKTREE_DIRS[@]}"; do
+    if [ -d "$wt" ]; then
+      git -C "$REPO_ROOT" worktree remove --force "$wt" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+  done
+  # Release port slot lock
+  if [ -n "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" ] && [ -d "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" ]; then
+    rmdir "$PORT_SLOT_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
   fi
 }
 trap cleanup EXIT
@@ -100,32 +127,34 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   commit="${COMMITS[$i]}"
   mkdir -p "$BASE_DIR/$label"
 
+  WORKTREE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/$label/worktree"
   echo -n "  Building [$label] from ${commit}... "
-  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout -- go.work.sum 2>/dev/null || true
-  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$commit" --detach 2>/dev/null
+  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" worktree add --detach "$WORKTREE_DIR" "$commit" 2>/dev/null
+  WORKTREE_DIRS=("${WORKTREE_DIRS[@]}" "$WORKTREE_DIR")
+
   # Forward DB_BACKEND build tags if needed
   BUILD_TAGS=""
   case "$DB_BACKEND" in
     cleveldb) BUILD_TAGS="cleveldb" ;;
     rocksdb)  BUILD_TAGS="rocksdb" ;;
   esac
+
+  GOBIN_DIR="$BASE_DIR/$label/bin"
+  mkdir -p "$GOBIN_DIR"
   if [ -n "$BUILD_TAGS" ]; then
-    COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+    GOBIN="$GOBIN_DIR" COSMOS_BUILD_OPTIONS="$BUILD_TAGS" make -C "$WORKTREE_DIR" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
   else
-    make -C "$REPO_ROOT" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
+    GOBIN="$GOBIN_DIR" make -C "$WORKTREE_DIR" install-bench > /dev/null 2>&1
   fi
-  cp ~/go/bin/seid "$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  mv "$GOBIN_DIR/seid" "$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
+  rm -rf "$GOBIN_DIR"
+
   echo "done"
 done
+# Worktrees are kept alive — the seid binary's @rpath references libwasmvm.dylib
+# inside the worktree. The EXIT trap cleans them up when the script finishes.
 echo ""
 
-# Restore to original ref so benchmark.sh can find scenario files
-if [ -n "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" ]; then
-  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_BRANCH" 2>/dev/null
-else
-  git -C "$REPO_ROOT" checkout "$ORIGINAL_REF" --detach 2>/dev/null
-fi
-
 # ============================================================
 # Phase 2: Initialize chains (sequential — delegates to benchmark.sh)
 # ============================================================
@@ -135,7 +164,7 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
   seid="$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
   home_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/data"
-  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
 
   echo -n "  Initializing [$label]... "
 
@@ -167,9 +196,10 @@ for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   seid="$BASE_DIR/$label/seid-${label}"
   home_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/data"
   log_file="$BASE_DIR/$label/output.log"
-  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
 
   BENCHMARK_PHASE=start \
+  DURATION=0 \
   SEI_HOME="$home_dir" \
   BASE_DIR="$BASE_DIR/$label" \
   SEID_BIN="$seid" \
@@ -200,7 +230,7 @@ PROFILE_CAPTURE_START=$(date +%s)
 # CPU and fgprof cannot run together on the same process.
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
-  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
   PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
   profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
   mkdir -p "$profile_dir"
@@ -213,7 +243,7 @@ done
 
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
-  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
   PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
   profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
 
@@ -225,7 +255,7 @@ done
 
 for i in $(seq 0 $((NUM-1))); do
   label="${LABELS[$i]}"
-  port_offset=$((i * 100))
+  port_offset=$((RUN_PORT_OFFSET + i * 100))
   PPROF_PORT=$((6060 + port_offset))
   profile_dir="$BASE_DIR/$label/pprof"
 
diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark.sh b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
index 6145f3465f..279f9fea00 100755
--- a/benchmark/benchmark.sh
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark.sh
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ DEBUG=${DEBUG:-false}
 DB_BACKEND=${DB_BACKEND:-goleveldb}
 
 # --- New env vars for phase gating / multi-instance support ---
-# Final chain data dir. If != ~/.sei, init in ~/.sei then mv.
+# Final chain data dir. Init is done in a temp staging dir then moved here.
 SEI_HOME=${SEI_HOME:-"$HOME/.sei"}
 # Added to all ports (RPC, P2P, pprof, gRPC, etc.)
 PORT_OFFSET=${PORT_OFFSET:-0}
-# Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build + copy to ~/go/bin/seid.
+# Pre-built binary path. If set, skip build.
 SEID_BIN=${SEID_BIN:-""}
 # Phase control: "init" (build+init+configure), "start" (run node), "all" (both)
 BENCHMARK_PHASE=${BENCHMARK_PHASE:-all}
@@ -81,15 +81,17 @@ echo "Available scenarios in $SCRIPT_DIR/scenarios/:"
 ls -1 "$SCRIPT_DIR"/scenarios/*.json 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/    /' || echo "    (none found)"
 echo "================================"
 
-# clean up old sei directory
-rm -rf ~/.sei
+# Create isolated staging directory for chain init
+STAGING_DIR=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/sei-bench-init.XXXXXX")
+staging_cleanup() {
+  rm -rf "$STAGING_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+trap staging_cleanup EXIT
+
 echo "Building..."
 
 if [ -n "$SEID_BIN" ]; then
-  # Use pre-built binary: copy to ~/go/bin/seid so downstream tools find it
   echo "Using pre-built binary: $SEID_BIN"
-  mkdir -p ~/go/bin
-  cp "$SEID_BIN" ~/go/bin/seid
 else
   # Determine build options based on DB_BACKEND
   BUILD_TAGS=""
@@ -121,50 +123,50 @@ else
 fi
 
 # initialize chain with chain ID and add the first key
-"$SEID" init demo --chain-id sei-chain
-"$SEID" keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test
+"$SEID" init demo --chain-id sei-chain --home "$STAGING_DIR"
+"$SEID" keys add $keyname --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
 # add the key as a genesis account with massive balances of several different tokens
-"$SEID" add-genesis-account $("$SEID" keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test) 100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom --keyring-backend test
+"$SEID" add-genesis-account $("$SEID" keys show $keyname -a --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR") 100000000000000000000usei,100000000000000000000uusdc,100000000000000000000uatom --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
 # gentx for account
-"$SEID" gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test
+"$SEID" gentx $keyname 7000000000000000usei --chain-id sei-chain --keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
 # add validator information to genesis file
-KEY=$(jq '.pub_key' ~/.sei/config/priv_validator_key.json -c)
-jq '.validators = [{}]' ~/.sei/config/genesis.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json
-jq '.validators[0] += {"power":"7000000000"}' ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_2.json
-jq '.validators[0] += {"pub_key":'$KEY'}' ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_2.json > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_3.json
-mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_3.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json && rm ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && rm ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis_2.json
+KEY=$(jq '.pub_key' "$STAGING_DIR/config/priv_validator_key.json" -c)
+jq '.validators = [{}]' "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json"
+jq '.validators[0] += {"power":"7000000000"}' "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_2.json"
+jq '.validators[0] += {"pub_key":'$KEY'}' "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_2.json" > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_3.json"
+mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_3.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" && rm "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && rm "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis_2.json"
 
 echo "Creating Accounts"
 # create 10 test accounts + fund them
-python3  "$REPO_ROOT/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py" 20 loc
+SEI_HOME_DIR="$STAGING_DIR" SEID_BIN="$SEID" python3 "$REPO_ROOT/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py" 20 loc
 
-"$SEID" collect-gentxs
+"$SEID" collect-gentxs --home "$STAGING_DIR"
 # update some params in genesis file for easier use of the chain localls (make gov props faster)
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["deposit_params"]["max_deposit_period"]="60s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["voting_period"]="30s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["expedited_voting_period"]="10s"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["vote_period"]="2"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["evm"]["params"]["target_gas_used_per_block"]="1000000000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["whitelist"]=[{"name": "ueth"},{"name": "ubtc"},{"name": "uusdc"},{"name": "uusdt"},{"name": "uosmo"},{"name": "uatom"},{"name": "usei"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["distribution"]["params"]["community_tax"]="0.000000000000000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas"]="100000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["min_txs_in_block"]="2"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas_wanted"]="150000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["staking"]["params"]["max_voting_power_ratio"]="1.000000000000000000"' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq '.app_state["bank"]["denom_metadata"]=[{"denom_units":[{"denom":"usei","exponent":0,"aliases":["USEI"]}],"base":"usei","display":"usei","name":"USEI","symbol":"USEI"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["gov"]["deposit_params"]["max_deposit_period"]="60s"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["voting_period"]="30s"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["gov"]["voting_params"]["expedited_voting_period"]="10s"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["vote_period"]="2"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["evm"]["params"]["target_gas_used_per_block"]="1000000000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["oracle"]["params"]["whitelist"]=[{"name": "ueth"},{"name": "ubtc"},{"name": "uusdc"},{"name": "uusdt"},{"name": "uosmo"},{"name": "uatom"},{"name": "usei"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["distribution"]["params"]["community_tax"]="0.000000000000000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas"]="100000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["min_txs_in_block"]="2"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.consensus_params["block"]["max_gas_wanted"]="150000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["staking"]["params"]["max_voting_power_ratio"]="1.000000000000000000"' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq '.app_state["bank"]["denom_metadata"]=[{"denom_units":[{"denom":"usei","exponent":0,"aliases":["USEI"]}],"base":"usei","display":"usei","name":"USEI","symbol":"USEI"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
 
 # Use the Python command to get the dates
 START_DATE=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime; print(datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
 END_DATE_3DAYS=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=3)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
 END_DATE_5DAYS=$($PYTHON_CMD -c "from datetime import datetime, timedelta; print((datetime.now() + timedelta(days=5)).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))")
 
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq --arg start_date "$START_DATE" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"]=[{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
-cat ~/.sei/config/genesis.json | jq --arg start_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_5DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"] += [{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json && mv ~/.sei/config/tmp_genesis.json ~/.sei/config/genesis.json
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq --arg start_date "$START_DATE" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"]=[{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
+cat "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json" | jq --arg start_date "$END_DATE_3DAYS" --arg end_date "$END_DATE_5DAYS" '.app_state["mint"]["params"]["token_release_schedule"] += [{"start_date": $start_date, "end_date": $end_date, "token_release_amount": "999999999999"}]' > "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" && mv "$STAGING_DIR/config/tmp_genesis.json" "$STAGING_DIR/config/genesis.json"
 
 if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
   APP_TOML_PATH="$2"
 else
-  APP_TOML_PATH="$HOME/.sei/config/app.toml"
+  APP_TOML_PATH="$STAGING_DIR/config/app.toml"
 fi
 # Enable OCC and SeiDB
 sed -i.bak -e 's/# concurrency-workers = .*/concurrency-workers = 500/' "$APP_TOML_PATH"
@@ -212,13 +214,13 @@ fi
 if [ ! -z "$1" ]; then
   CONFIG_PATH="$1"
 else
-  CONFIG_PATH="$HOME/.sei/config/config.toml"
+  CONFIG_PATH="$STAGING_DIR/config/config.toml"
 fi
 
 if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
   APP_PATH="$2"
 else
-  APP_PATH="$HOME/.sei/config/app.toml"
+  APP_PATH="$STAGING_DIR/config/app.toml"
 fi
 
 if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "linux-gnu"* ]]; then
@@ -287,13 +289,13 @@ if [ "$PORT_OFFSET" -ne 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
   fi
 fi
 
-"$SEID" config keyring-backend test
+"$SEID" config keyring-backend test --home "$STAGING_DIR"
 
-# If SEI_HOME is not ~/.sei, move the data dir
-if [ "$SEI_HOME" != "$HOME/.sei" ]; then
-  mkdir -p "$(dirname "$SEI_HOME")"
-  mv ~/.sei "$SEI_HOME"
-fi
+# Move staging dir to final SEI_HOME
+rm -rf "$SEI_HOME"
+mkdir -p "$(dirname "$SEI_HOME")"
+mv "$STAGING_DIR" "$SEI_HOME"
+trap - EXIT
 
 fi # end BENCHMARK_PHASE=init
 
diff --git a/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py b/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py
index ac3e39afa2..6acc7a4ce5 100644
--- a/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py
+++ b/loadtest/scripts/populate_genesis_accounts.py
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
 # Does not need to be thread safe, each thread should only be writing to its own index
 global_accounts_mapping = {}
 home_path = os.path.expanduser('~')
+seid_bin = os.environ.get('SEID_BIN', os.path.join(home_path, 'go', 'bin', 'seid'))
+sei_home_dir = os.environ.get('SEI_HOME_DIR', os.path.join(home_path, '.sei'))
 
 def add_key(account_name, local=False):
     if local:
-        add_key_cmd = f"yes | ~/go/bin/seid keys add {account_name} --keyring-backend test"
+        add_key_cmd = f"yes | {seid_bin} keys add {account_name} --keyring-backend test --home {sei_home_dir}"
     else:
-        add_key_cmd = f"printf '12345678\n' | ~/go/bin/seid keys add {account_name}"
+        add_key_cmd = f"printf '12345678\n' | {seid_bin} keys add {account_name} --home {sei_home_dir}"
     add_key_output = subprocess.check_output(
         [add_key_cmd],
         stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ def main():
     if len(args) > 1 and args[1] == "loc":
         is_local = True
 
-    genesis_json_file_path = f"{home_path}/.sei/config/genesis.json"
+    genesis_json_file_path = os.path.join(sei_home_dir, 'config', 'genesis.json')
     genesis_file = read_genesis_file(genesis_json_file_path)
 
     num_threads = max(1, number_of_accounts // PARALLEISM)

From 326a24a2519e6d54b781d5c5fabe023ae25b36a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 15:19:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 11/47] docs(benchmark): add profiling analysis for
 executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor

Baseline: 8600 TPS median with GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true.

Key findings:
- CacheMultiStore snapshot allocation is #1 target (15 GB, 27% of function)
- cachekv.NewStore creates 9 GB of sync.Map objects per 30s sample
- GC overhead (~24% CPU) is driven by allocation pressure
- Lock contention (30.7% CPU) partially secondary to GC/alloc

Candidate optimizations: sync.Pool for cachekv.Store, lazy per-store
creation, replace sync.Map with regular map in giga path, cache
block-level constants.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md  | 157 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 157 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md

diff --git a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c8f8700ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# Profiling Analysis: executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor
+
+**Date:** 2026-02-13
+**Branch:** pd/benchmark-profiling-improvements (commit dcbfd5a02)
+**Scenario:** benchmark/scenarios/evm.json
+**Config:** GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DURATION=120
+
+## Baseline
+
+| Metric | Value |
+|--------|-------|
+| Median TPS | 8600 |
+| Avg TPS | 8495 |
+| Min TPS | 7800 |
+| Max TPS | 9000 |
+| Readings | 21 |
+| Block Height | 995 |
+
+## Function Hot Path
+
+```
+executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor (app/app.go:1714)
+  ├─ msg.AsTransaction()
+  ├─ RecoverSenderFromEthTx()          — ECDSA recovery
+  ├─ GetEVMAddress() / AssociateAddresses()
+  ├─ NewDBImpl()                       — allocates state DB + initial Snapshot
+  │   └─ Snapshot()                    — clones entire CacheMultiStore
+  ├─ GetVMBlockContext()
+  ├─ GetParams() + ChainID() (x2)     — redundant: ChainID called at lines 1721 and 1764
+  ├─ NewGethExecutor() → vm.NewEVM()  — new EVM per tx
+  ├─ ExecuteTransaction()
+  │   └─ ApplyMessage() → StateTransition.Execute()
+  │       └─ EVM.Call() — may trigger additional Snapshot() calls
+  ├─ stateDB.Finalize()               — flushCtxs → cachekv.Store.Write
+  ├─ WriteReceipt()
+  └─ Marshal response (protobuf)
+```
+
+## CPU Profile (30s sample, 120.21s total across 4 cores)
+
+`executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`: **25.95s cumulative (21.6%)**
+
+| Component | Cumulative | % of total | Notes |
+|-----------|-----------|------------|-------|
+| runtime.lock2 (spinlock) | 36.87s | 30.7% | OCC goroutines fighting for locks |
+| runtime.usleep (lock backoff) | 30.00s | 25.0% | Spinning on contended locks |
+| ExecuteTransaction → ApplyMessage | 15.31s | 12.7% | Actual EVM execution |
+| GC (gcDrain + scanobject) | 17.15s + 11.49s | 23.8% | Driven by allocation pressure |
+| mallocgc | 11.42s | 9.5% | Object allocation |
+| runtime.kevent | 10.38s | 8.6% | I/O polling |
+
+### CPU Focused on executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor
+
+Top flat contributors within the function's call tree:
+
+| Function | Flat | Notes |
+|----------|------|-------|
+| runtime.usleep | 4.95s | Lock spinning inside store operations |
+| runtime.cgocall | 3.09s | CGo boundary (likely crypto) |
+| runtime.mallocgc | 6.31s | Allocation pressure from stores |
+| runtime.newobject | 3.72s | Heap allocations |
+| memiavl.MemNode.Get | 1.00s | IAVL tree reads |
+| cachekv.Store.Write | 1.03s | Flushing cache stores |
+| cachemulti.newCacheMultiStoreFromCMS | 1.22s | CMS creation during Snapshot |
+
+## Heap Profile (alloc_space)
+
+`executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`: **56.2 GB cumulative (54% of 104 GB total)**
+
+| Hotspot | Allocated | % of function | What |
+|---------|----------|--------------|------|
+| DBImpl.Snapshot → CacheMultiStore | 15.1 GB | 27% | Full cache store clone per snapshot |
+| cachekv.NewStore | 9.0 GB | 16% | Individual KV store objects (sync.Map x2-3) |
+| sync.newIndirectNode (sync.Map internals) | 7.8 GB | 14% | sync.Map internal trie nodes |
+| cachekv.Store.Write | 8.4 GB | 15% | Flushing stores (map iteration + write) |
+| DBImpl.Finalize → flushCtxs | 9.7 GB | 17% | Writing state changes back through layers |
+| GetBalance → LockedCoins | 9.0 GB | 16% | Balance lookups triggering deep store reads |
+| AccountKeeper.GetAccount | 7.2 GB | 13% | Account deserialization (protobuf UnpackAny) |
+| scheduler.prepareTask | 8.8 GB | 16% | OCC task preparation (VersionIndexedStore) |
+
+### Allocation Objects
+
+| Hotspot | Objects | % of total | Notes |
+|---------|---------|------------|-------|
+| cachekv.NewStore | 157M | 10.2% | Largest single flat allocator |
+| cachekv.Store.Write | 83M | 5.4% | Map iteration during flush |
+| codec/types.UnpackAny | 134M | 8.7% | Protobuf deserialization |
+| DBImpl.Snapshot | 137M | 8.9% | CMS + maps + sync primitives |
+
+## Mutex/Contention Profile (196s total)
+
+| Source | Time | % | What |
+|--------|------|---|------|
+| runtime.unlock | 159s | 81% | Runtime-level lock contention |
+| sync.Mutex.Unlock | 29s | 15% | Application mutex contention |
+| sync.RWMutex.Unlock | 19s | 10% | Reader-writer lock contention |
+| AccAddress.String | 10.6s | 5% | Bech32 encoding under lock |
+| EventManager.EmitEvents | 9.9s | 5% | Event emission contention |
+| sync.Map.Store (HashTrieMap.Swap) | 6.9s | 4% | sync.Map write contention |
+
+## Block Profile (7.26 hrs total)
+
+Dominated by `runtime.selectgo` (6.97 hrs / 96%) — the OCC scheduler's `select` loop waiting for tasks. Not actionable for this function.
+
+## Key Findings
+
+### 1. CacheMultiStore allocation is the #1 optimization target
+
+Each `Snapshot()` call triggers `CacheMultiStore()` which:
+- Materializes ALL lazy module stores (not just ones the tx touches)
+- Creates `cachekv.NewStore` with 2-3 `sync.Map` objects per module store
+- Creates `gigacachekv.NewStore` with 2 `sync.Map` objects per giga store
+- Allocates map copies, sync.RWMutex, sync.Once per CMS
+
+This happens at minimum once per tx (NewDBImpl's initial Snapshot), plus additional times for nested EVM calls. OCC re-executions create entirely fresh chains.
+
+### 2. GC overhead is a direct consequence of allocation pressure
+
+17s of CPU on `gcDrain` + 11.5s on `scanobject` = ~24% of CPU spent on GC. The 104 GB of total allocations over 30s creates enormous GC pressure. Reducing allocations in the Snapshot path would have a compounding effect.
+
+### 3. Lock contention is high but may be secondary
+
+`runtime.lock2` at 30.7% is the #1 CPU consumer. Much of this is runtime-internal (GC, scheduler) and would decrease naturally if allocation pressure drops. Some is from `sync.Map` operations and store-level mutexes.
+
+### 4. ChainID() and DefaultChainConfig() called redundantly
+
+`ChainID()` is called at lines 1721 and 1764. `DefaultChainConfig()` is called inside `RecoverSenderFromEthTx` and again implicitly at line 1764. Minor but free to fix.
+
+## Candidate Optimizations
+
+### A. Pool/reuse cachekv.Store objects (high impact)
+
+Replace fresh `cachekv.NewStore` allocations with `sync.Pool` recycling. On return to pool, call `sync.Map.Clear()` (Go 1.23+) to reset state. Eliminates ~9 GB of allocations + reduces GC.
+
+**Expected impact:** 10-20% TPS improvement
+**Risk:** Low — mechanical change, clear lifecycle boundaries
+
+### B. Lazy per-store creation in snapshots (high impact)
+
+Currently `materializeOnce.Do` creates cachekv.Store for ALL module stores when any snapshot is taken. Instead, create wrappers only for stores actually accessed via GetKVStore.
+
+**Expected impact:** 10-15% TPS improvement (depends on how many stores are unused per tx)
+**Risk:** Medium — changes cachemulti.Store threading model
+
+### C. Replace sync.Map with regular map in giga cachekv (medium impact)
+
+The giga `cachekv.Store` uses `sync.Map` but within OCC, each store belongs to a single goroutine's execution. Regular maps are ~10x cheaper to allocate and access.
+
+**Expected impact:** 5-10% TPS improvement
+**Risk:** Low — need to verify no concurrent access in OCC path
+
+### D. Cache block-level constants per-tx (low impact)
+
+Cache `ChainID()`, `DefaultChainConfig()`, `GetParams()`, `EthereumConfigWithSstore()` at block level instead of computing per-tx.
+
+**Expected impact:** 2-5% TPS improvement
+**Risk:** Minimal

From 197f01369d1e76089c077be926cc6a2e23a4379a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 15:47:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 12/47] perf: pool cachekv.Store to reduce allocation pressure

Replace per-tx cachekv.Store allocation with sync.Pool recycling for both
standard and giga variants. Add CacheMultiStore.Release() and ReleaseDB()
to return stores to pools at lifecycle boundaries (Cleanup,
RevertToSnapshot, CleanupForTracer). Release replaced stores in
SetKVStores/SetGigaKVStores and unused db store in OCC scheduler.

Reset() replaces sync.Map fields with fresh instances (not Clear(), which
is slower due to internal trie node walking and causes more allocations
when repopulated).

Targeting the #1 flat allocator from profiling: cachekv.NewStore at
9 GB / 157M objects over 30s at 8600 TPS.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/store/cachekv.go           | 35 ++++++++++++++++----
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go         |  5 +++
 giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go        | 12 +++++++
 giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go      | 16 +++++++++
 sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go    | 40 ++++++++++++++++++-----
 sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 x/evm/state/state.go                 | 12 +++++++
 x/evm/state/statedb.go               | 16 +++++++++
 8 files changed, 167 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
index 631ee2cd2d..57a0339825 100644
--- a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
+++ b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
@@ -22,15 +22,36 @@ type Store struct {
 
 var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*Store)(nil)
 
+var storePool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		return &Store{
+			cache:   &sync.Map{},
+			deleted: &sync.Map{},
+		}
+	},
+}
+
 // NewStore creates a new Store object
 func NewStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey, cacheSize int) *Store {
-	return &Store{
-		cache:     &sync.Map{},
-		deleted:   &sync.Map{},
-		parent:    parent,
-		storeKey:  storeKey,
-		cacheSize: cacheSize,
-	}
+	s := storePool.Get().(*Store)
+	s.parent = parent
+	s.storeKey = storeKey
+	s.cacheSize = cacheSize
+	return s
+}
+
+// Reset clears all cached state, making the store ready for reuse.
+func (store *Store) Reset() {
+	store.cache = &sync.Map{}
+	store.deleted = &sync.Map{}
+	store.parent = nil
+	store.storeKey = nil
+}
+
+// Release resets the store and returns it to the pool.
+func (store *Store) Release() {
+	store.Reset()
+	storePool.Put(store)
 }
 
 func (store *Store) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 16c97e3fdb..8b1291f479 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -508,6 +508,11 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 			return vs[k]
 		})
 
+		// Release the db store since OCC scheduler doesn't use it
+		if r, ok := ms.(interface{ ReleaseDB() }); ok {
+			r.ReleaseDB()
+		}
+
 		ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
 	}
 
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
index e57e962221..5422bb0a39 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
@@ -116,6 +116,18 @@ func (s *DBImpl) RevertToSnapshot(rev int) {
 		panic("invalid revision number")
 	}
 
+	// Release current ctx's CMS (being abandoned)
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
+	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+		r.Release()
+	}
+	// Release abandoned snapshots (rev+1..end), but not rev (becomes new ctx)
+	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > rev; i-- {
+		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+			r.Release()
+		}
+	}
+
 	s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[rev]
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = s.snapshottedCtxs[:rev]
 
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
index eb95116d05..d6b9c1d0d2 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
@@ -80,13 +80,29 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SetEVM(evm *vm.EVM) {}
 func (s *DBImpl) AddPreimage(_ common.Hash, _ []byte) {}
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Cleanup() {
+	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	s.tempState = nil
 	s.logger = nil
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = nil
 }
 
+// releaseIntermediateStores returns cachekv stores from intermediate CMS snapshots
+// back to their pools. Never releases snapshottedCtxs[0] — it belongs to the caller.
+func (s *DBImpl) releaseIntermediateStores() {
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
+	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+		r.Release()
+	}
+	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
+		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+			r.Release()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *DBImpl) CleanupForTracer() {
 	s.flushCtxs()
+	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
 		s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[0]
 	}
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go
index 51d583d2e6..9dbff1ba5b 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go
@@ -27,17 +27,39 @@ type Store struct {
 
 var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*Store)(nil)
 
+var storePool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		return &Store{
+			cache:         &sync.Map{},
+			deleted:       &sync.Map{},
+			unsortedCache: &sync.Map{},
+		}
+	},
+}
+
 // NewStore creates a new Store object
 func NewStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey, cacheSize int) *Store {
-	return &Store{
-		cache:         &sync.Map{},
-		deleted:       &sync.Map{},
-		unsortedCache: &sync.Map{},
-		sortedCache:   nil,
-		parent:        parent,
-		storeKey:      storeKey,
-		cacheSize:     cacheSize,
-	}
+	s := storePool.Get().(*Store)
+	s.parent = parent
+	s.storeKey = storeKey
+	s.cacheSize = cacheSize
+	return s
+}
+
+// Reset clears all cached state, making the store ready for reuse.
+func (store *Store) Reset() {
+	store.cache = &sync.Map{}
+	store.deleted = &sync.Map{}
+	store.unsortedCache = &sync.Map{}
+	store.sortedCache = nil
+	store.parent = nil
+	store.storeKey = nil
+}
+
+// Release resets the store and returns it to the pool.
+func (store *Store) Release() {
+	store.Reset()
+	storePool.Put(store)
 }
 
 func (store *Store) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index eb4f8bce05..ab5f463d4e 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -281,21 +281,66 @@ func (cms Store) StoreKeys() []types.StoreKey {
 	return keys
 }
 
+// Release returns all cachekv stores to their pools.
+func (cms Store) Release() {
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
+	if r, ok := cms.db.(releasable); ok {
+		r.Release()
+	}
+	for k, s := range cms.stores {
+		if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
+			r.Release()
+		}
+		delete(cms.stores, k)
+	}
+	for k, s := range cms.gigaStores {
+		if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
+			r.Release()
+		}
+		delete(cms.gigaStores, k)
+	}
+	for k := range cms.parents {
+		delete(cms.parents, k)
+	}
+}
+
+// ReleaseDB releases the db cachekv store back to its pool.
+func (cms Store) ReleaseDB() {
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
+	if r, ok := cms.db.(releasable); ok {
+		r.Release()
+	}
+}
+
 // SetKVStores sets the underlying KVStores via a handler for each key
 func (cms Store) SetKVStores(handler func(sk types.StoreKey, s types.KVStore) types.CacheWrap) types.MultiStore {
 	// Force-create any lazy stores
 	for k := range cms.parents {
 		cms.getOrCreateStore(k)
 	}
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
 	for k, s := range cms.stores {
-		cms.stores[k] = handler(k, s.(types.KVStore))
+		newStore := handler(k, s.(types.KVStore))
+		if newStore != s {
+			if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
+				r.Release()
+			}
+		}
+		cms.stores[k] = newStore
 	}
 	return cms
 }
 
 func (cms Store) SetGigaKVStores(handler func(sk types.StoreKey, s types.KVStore) types.KVStore) types.MultiStore {
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
 	for k, s := range cms.gigaStores {
-		cms.gigaStores[k] = handler(k, s)
+		newStore := handler(k, s)
+		if newStore != s {
+			if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
+				r.Release()
+			}
+		}
+		cms.gigaStores[k] = newStore
 	}
 	return cms
 }
diff --git a/x/evm/state/state.go b/x/evm/state/state.go
index eeb64a13e5..5e5a001aec 100644
--- a/x/evm/state/state.go
+++ b/x/evm/state/state.go
@@ -121,6 +121,18 @@ func (s *DBImpl) RevertToSnapshot(rev int) {
 		panic("invalid revision number")
 	}
 
+	// Release current ctx's CMS (being abandoned)
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
+	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+		r.Release()
+	}
+	// Release abandoned snapshots (rev+1..end), but not rev (becomes new ctx)
+	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > rev; i-- {
+		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+			r.Release()
+		}
+	}
+
 	s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[rev]
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = s.snapshottedCtxs[:rev]
 
diff --git a/x/evm/state/statedb.go b/x/evm/state/statedb.go
index bf5a9b454e..446b7ae77b 100644
--- a/x/evm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/x/evm/state/statedb.go
@@ -80,13 +80,29 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SetEVM(evm *vm.EVM) {}
 func (s *DBImpl) AddPreimage(_ common.Hash, _ []byte) {}
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Cleanup() {
+	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	s.tempState = nil
 	s.logger = nil
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = nil
 }
 
+// releaseIntermediateStores returns cachekv stores from intermediate CMS snapshots
+// back to their pools. Never releases snapshottedCtxs[0] — it belongs to the caller.
+func (s *DBImpl) releaseIntermediateStores() {
+	type releasable interface{ Release() }
+	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+		r.Release()
+	}
+	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
+		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
+			r.Release()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *DBImpl) CleanupForTracer() {
 	s.flushCtxs()
+	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
 		s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[0]
 	}

From 048b10c0abeedabb3831c6c5e53e9c74ce0a1f94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 16:10:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 13/47] Revert "perf: pool cachekv.Store to reduce allocation
 pressure"

This reverts commit dbd6ad52ff10e003bed8ba2b5744f39b867fb876.
---
 giga/deps/store/cachekv.go           | 35 ++++----------------
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go         |  5 ---
 giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go        | 12 -------
 giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go      | 16 ---------
 sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go    | 40 +++++------------------
 sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go | 49 ++--------------------------
 x/evm/state/state.go                 | 12 -------
 x/evm/state/statedb.go               | 16 ---------
 8 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 167 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
index 57a0339825..631ee2cd2d 100644
--- a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
+++ b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
@@ -22,36 +22,15 @@ type Store struct {
 
 var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*Store)(nil)
 
-var storePool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() any {
-		return &Store{
-			cache:   &sync.Map{},
-			deleted: &sync.Map{},
-		}
-	},
-}
-
 // NewStore creates a new Store object
 func NewStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey, cacheSize int) *Store {
-	s := storePool.Get().(*Store)
-	s.parent = parent
-	s.storeKey = storeKey
-	s.cacheSize = cacheSize
-	return s
-}
-
-// Reset clears all cached state, making the store ready for reuse.
-func (store *Store) Reset() {
-	store.cache = &sync.Map{}
-	store.deleted = &sync.Map{}
-	store.parent = nil
-	store.storeKey = nil
-}
-
-// Release resets the store and returns it to the pool.
-func (store *Store) Release() {
-	store.Reset()
-	storePool.Put(store)
+	return &Store{
+		cache:     &sync.Map{},
+		deleted:   &sync.Map{},
+		parent:    parent,
+		storeKey:  storeKey,
+		cacheSize: cacheSize,
+	}
 }
 
 func (store *Store) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 8b1291f479..16c97e3fdb 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -508,11 +508,6 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 			return vs[k]
 		})
 
-		// Release the db store since OCC scheduler doesn't use it
-		if r, ok := ms.(interface{ ReleaseDB() }); ok {
-			r.ReleaseDB()
-		}
-
 		ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
 	}
 
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
index 5422bb0a39..e57e962221 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
@@ -116,18 +116,6 @@ func (s *DBImpl) RevertToSnapshot(rev int) {
 		panic("invalid revision number")
 	}
 
-	// Release current ctx's CMS (being abandoned)
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
-	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-		r.Release()
-	}
-	// Release abandoned snapshots (rev+1..end), but not rev (becomes new ctx)
-	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > rev; i-- {
-		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-			r.Release()
-		}
-	}
-
 	s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[rev]
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = s.snapshottedCtxs[:rev]
 
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
index d6b9c1d0d2..eb95116d05 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
@@ -80,29 +80,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SetEVM(evm *vm.EVM) {}
 func (s *DBImpl) AddPreimage(_ common.Hash, _ []byte) {}
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Cleanup() {
-	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	s.tempState = nil
 	s.logger = nil
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = nil
 }
 
-// releaseIntermediateStores returns cachekv stores from intermediate CMS snapshots
-// back to their pools. Never releases snapshottedCtxs[0] — it belongs to the caller.
-func (s *DBImpl) releaseIntermediateStores() {
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
-	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-		r.Release()
-	}
-	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
-		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-			r.Release()
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func (s *DBImpl) CleanupForTracer() {
 	s.flushCtxs()
-	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
 		s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[0]
 	}
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go
index 9dbff1ba5b..51d583d2e6 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/store.go
@@ -27,39 +27,17 @@ type Store struct {
 
 var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*Store)(nil)
 
-var storePool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() any {
-		return &Store{
-			cache:         &sync.Map{},
-			deleted:       &sync.Map{},
-			unsortedCache: &sync.Map{},
-		}
-	},
-}
-
 // NewStore creates a new Store object
 func NewStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey, cacheSize int) *Store {
-	s := storePool.Get().(*Store)
-	s.parent = parent
-	s.storeKey = storeKey
-	s.cacheSize = cacheSize
-	return s
-}
-
-// Reset clears all cached state, making the store ready for reuse.
-func (store *Store) Reset() {
-	store.cache = &sync.Map{}
-	store.deleted = &sync.Map{}
-	store.unsortedCache = &sync.Map{}
-	store.sortedCache = nil
-	store.parent = nil
-	store.storeKey = nil
-}
-
-// Release resets the store and returns it to the pool.
-func (store *Store) Release() {
-	store.Reset()
-	storePool.Put(store)
+	return &Store{
+		cache:         &sync.Map{},
+		deleted:       &sync.Map{},
+		unsortedCache: &sync.Map{},
+		sortedCache:   nil,
+		parent:        parent,
+		storeKey:      storeKey,
+		cacheSize:     cacheSize,
+	}
 }
 
 func (store *Store) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index ab5f463d4e..eb4f8bce05 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -281,66 +281,21 @@ func (cms Store) StoreKeys() []types.StoreKey {
 	return keys
 }
 
-// Release returns all cachekv stores to their pools.
-func (cms Store) Release() {
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
-	if r, ok := cms.db.(releasable); ok {
-		r.Release()
-	}
-	for k, s := range cms.stores {
-		if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
-			r.Release()
-		}
-		delete(cms.stores, k)
-	}
-	for k, s := range cms.gigaStores {
-		if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
-			r.Release()
-		}
-		delete(cms.gigaStores, k)
-	}
-	for k := range cms.parents {
-		delete(cms.parents, k)
-	}
-}
-
-// ReleaseDB releases the db cachekv store back to its pool.
-func (cms Store) ReleaseDB() {
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
-	if r, ok := cms.db.(releasable); ok {
-		r.Release()
-	}
-}
-
 // SetKVStores sets the underlying KVStores via a handler for each key
 func (cms Store) SetKVStores(handler func(sk types.StoreKey, s types.KVStore) types.CacheWrap) types.MultiStore {
 	// Force-create any lazy stores
 	for k := range cms.parents {
 		cms.getOrCreateStore(k)
 	}
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
 	for k, s := range cms.stores {
-		newStore := handler(k, s.(types.KVStore))
-		if newStore != s {
-			if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
-				r.Release()
-			}
-		}
-		cms.stores[k] = newStore
+		cms.stores[k] = handler(k, s.(types.KVStore))
 	}
 	return cms
 }
 
 func (cms Store) SetGigaKVStores(handler func(sk types.StoreKey, s types.KVStore) types.KVStore) types.MultiStore {
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
 	for k, s := range cms.gigaStores {
-		newStore := handler(k, s)
-		if newStore != s {
-			if r, ok := s.(releasable); ok {
-				r.Release()
-			}
-		}
-		cms.gigaStores[k] = newStore
+		cms.gigaStores[k] = handler(k, s)
 	}
 	return cms
 }
diff --git a/x/evm/state/state.go b/x/evm/state/state.go
index 5e5a001aec..eeb64a13e5 100644
--- a/x/evm/state/state.go
+++ b/x/evm/state/state.go
@@ -121,18 +121,6 @@ func (s *DBImpl) RevertToSnapshot(rev int) {
 		panic("invalid revision number")
 	}
 
-	// Release current ctx's CMS (being abandoned)
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
-	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-		r.Release()
-	}
-	// Release abandoned snapshots (rev+1..end), but not rev (becomes new ctx)
-	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > rev; i-- {
-		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-			r.Release()
-		}
-	}
-
 	s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[rev]
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = s.snapshottedCtxs[:rev]
 
diff --git a/x/evm/state/statedb.go b/x/evm/state/statedb.go
index 446b7ae77b..bf5a9b454e 100644
--- a/x/evm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/x/evm/state/statedb.go
@@ -80,29 +80,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SetEVM(evm *vm.EVM) {}
 func (s *DBImpl) AddPreimage(_ common.Hash, _ []byte) {}
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Cleanup() {
-	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	s.tempState = nil
 	s.logger = nil
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = nil
 }
 
-// releaseIntermediateStores returns cachekv stores from intermediate CMS snapshots
-// back to their pools. Never releases snapshottedCtxs[0] — it belongs to the caller.
-func (s *DBImpl) releaseIntermediateStores() {
-	type releasable interface{ Release() }
-	if r, ok := s.ctx.MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-		r.Release()
-	}
-	for i := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
-		if r, ok := s.snapshottedCtxs[i].MultiStore().(releasable); ok {
-			r.Release()
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func (s *DBImpl) CleanupForTracer() {
 	s.flushCtxs()
-	s.releaseIntermediateStores()
 	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
 		s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[0]
 	}

From 0408658f5dce634a520af338367b7a15c290f6c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 16:50:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 14/47] perf: use plain maps in giga cachekv store

---
 .agents/skills/optimize.md | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 giga/deps/store/cachekv.go | 69 +++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .agents/skills/optimize.md

diff --git a/.agents/skills/optimize.md b/.agents/skills/optimize.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6b893c323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.agents/skills/optimize.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+---
+name: optimize
+description: Run a profiling-driven optimization loop for a specific function
+argument-hint: "<function-name> e.g. executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor"
+allowed-tools:
+  - Read
+  - Write
+  - Edit
+  - Glob
+  - Grep
+  - Bash
+  - Task
+  - AskUserQuestion
+---
+
+# Optimization Loop for: $ARGUMENTS
+
+You are running a profiling-driven optimization loop focused on the function `$ARGUMENTS`.
+
+## References
+
+Read `benchmark/CLAUDE.md` for benchmark commands, environment variables, profiling, and the full optimization loop steps.
+
+## Workflow
+
+Execute the optimization loop from benchmark/CLAUDE.md section "Optimization loop", but focused on `$ARGUMENTS`:
+
+### Phase 1: Understand the target function
+
+1. Find the function `$ARGUMENTS` in the codebase using Grep
+2. Read the function and its callers/callees to understand the hot path
+3. Identify what packages, types, and helpers it uses
+
+### Phase 2: Profile
+
+4. Run the benchmark: `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true benchmark/benchmark.sh`
+5. Wait for it to complete (default DURATION=120s)
+
+### Phase 3: Analyze (focused on target function)
+
+6. Run pprof analysis focused on `$ARGUMENTS` and its call tree. Run these in parallel:
+   - CPU: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - fgprof: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Heap (alloc_space): `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Heap (alloc_objects): `go tool pprof -alloc_objects -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Block: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/block.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+   - Mutex: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/mutex.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
+7. Use `go tool pprof -text -focus='$ARGUMENTS' /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` to get function-focused breakdown
+8. Open flamegraphs on separate ports for the user to inspect:
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8081 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
+   - `go tool pprof -http=:8082 -alloc_space /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
+
+### Phase 4: Summarize and discuss
+
+9. Present findings to the user:
+   - TPS from the benchmark run (extract from `/tmp/sei-bench/tps.txt`)
+   - Where `$ARGUMENTS` and its callees spend the most time (CPU, wall-clock)
+   - Biggest allocation hotspots within the function's call tree
+   - Any contention (block/mutex) in the function's path
+   - Top 2-3 candidate optimizations with expected impact and trade-offs
+10. Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue. Do NOT write any code until the user picks.
+
+### Phase 5: Implement
+
+11. Implement the chosen optimization
+12. Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified `.go` files
+13. Commit the change
+
+### Phase 6: Compare
+
+14. Record the commit hash before and after the optimization
+15. Run comparison: `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<before-commit> candidate=<after-commit>`
+16. Open diff flamegraphs for the user:
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8083 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8084 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
+    - `go tool pprof -http=:8085 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
+
+### Phase 7: Validate
+
+17. Present results:
+    - TPS delta (baseline vs candidate)
+    - CPU diff: `go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz`
+    - Heap diff: `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz`
+18. Ask the user: keep, iterate, or revert?
+19. If keep and user approves, ask whether to open a PR
+
+## Important rules
+
+- ALWAYS ask the user before writing any optimization code (step 10)
+- ALWAYS ask the user before opening a PR (step 19)
+- Cross-session benchmark numbers are NOT comparable. Only compare within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run.
+- Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified Go files before committing
+- If `$ARGUMENTS` is empty or not found, ask the user to provide the function name
diff --git a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
index 631ee2cd2d..cd1f624cd1 100644
--- a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
+++ b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import (
 // Store wraps an in-memory cache around an underlying types.KVStore.
 type Store struct {
 	mtx       sync.RWMutex
-	cache     *sync.Map
-	deleted   *sync.Map
+	cache     map[string]*types.CValue
+	deleted   map[string]struct{}
 	parent    types.KVStore
 	storeKey  types.StoreKey
 	cacheSize int
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*Store)(nil)
 // NewStore creates a new Store object
 func NewStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey, cacheSize int) *Store {
 	return &Store{
-		cache:     &sync.Map{},
-		deleted:   &sync.Map{},
+		cache:     make(map[string]*types.CValue),
+		deleted:   make(map[string]struct{}),
 		parent:    parent,
 		storeKey:  storeKey,
 		cacheSize: cacheSize,
@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@ func (store *Store) GetStoreType() types.StoreType {
 
 // getFromCache queries the write-through cache for a value by key.
 func (store *Store) getFromCache(key []byte) []byte {
-	if cv, ok := store.cache.Load(UnsafeBytesToStr(key)); ok {
-		return cv.(*types.CValue).Value()
+	store.mtx.RLock()
+	cv, ok := store.cache[UnsafeBytesToStr(key)]
+	store.mtx.RUnlock()
+	if ok {
+		return cv.Value()
 	}
 	return store.parent.Get(key)
 }
@@ -84,12 +87,11 @@ func (store *Store) Write() {
 	// Not the best, but probably not a bottleneck depending.
 	keys := []string{}
 
-	store.cache.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
-		if value.(*types.CValue).Dirty() {
-			keys = append(keys, key.(string))
+	for key, value := range store.cache {
+		if value.Dirty() {
+			keys = append(keys, key)
 		}
-		return true
-	})
+	}
 	sort.Strings(keys)
 	// TODO: Consider allowing usage of Batch, which would allow the write to
 	// at least happen atomically.
@@ -103,10 +105,10 @@ func (store *Store) Write() {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cacheValue, ok := store.cache.Load(key)
-		if ok && cacheValue.(*types.CValue).Value() != nil {
+		cacheValue, ok := store.cache[key]
+		if ok && cacheValue.Value() != nil {
 			// It already exists in the parent, hence delete it.
-			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cacheValue.(*types.CValue).Value())
+			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cacheValue.Value())
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -115,14 +117,11 @@ func (store *Store) Write() {
 	// writes immediately visible until Commit(). By keeping the cache populated
 	// with clean entries, subsequent reads will still hit the cache instead of
 	// falling through to the parent which can't read uncommitted data.
-	store.cache.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
-		cv := value.(*types.CValue)
-		// Replace with a clean (non-dirty) version of the same value
-		store.cache.Store(key, types.NewCValue(cv.Value(), false))
-		return true
-	})
+	for key, cv := range store.cache {
+		store.cache[key] = types.NewCValue(cv.Value(), false)
+	}
 	// Clear the deleted map since those deletes have been sent to parent
-	store.deleted = &sync.Map{}
+	store.deleted = make(map[string]struct{})
 }
 
 // CacheWrap implements CacheWrapper.
@@ -142,18 +141,20 @@ func (store *Store) VersionExists(version int64) bool {
 // Only entrypoint to mutate store.cache.
 func (store *Store) setCacheValue(key, value []byte, deleted bool, dirty bool) {
 	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	store.mtx.Lock()
+	defer store.mtx.Unlock()
 
 	keyStr := UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
-	store.cache.Store(keyStr, types.NewCValue(value, dirty))
+	store.cache[keyStr] = types.NewCValue(value, dirty)
 	if deleted {
-		store.deleted.Store(keyStr, struct{}{})
+		store.deleted[keyStr] = struct{}{}
 	} else {
-		store.deleted.Delete(keyStr)
+		delete(store.deleted, keyStr)
 	}
 }
 
 func (store *Store) isDeleted(key string) bool {
-	_, ok := store.deleted.Load(key)
+	_, ok := store.deleted[key]
 	return ok
 }
 
@@ -169,24 +170,26 @@ func (store *Store) DeleteAll(start, end []byte) error {
 }
 
 func (store *Store) GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end []byte) (res []string) {
+	store.mtx.RLock()
+	defer store.mtx.RUnlock()
+
 	keyStrs := map[string]struct{}{}
 	for _, pk := range store.parent.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
 		keyStrs[pk] = struct{}{}
 	}
-	store.cache.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
-		kbz := []byte(key.(string))
+	for key, value := range store.cache {
+		kbz := []byte(key)
 		if bytes.Compare(kbz, start) < 0 || bytes.Compare(kbz, end) >= 0 {
 			// we don't want to break out of the iteration since cache isn't sorted
-			return true
+			continue
 		}
-		cv := value.(*types.CValue)
+		cv := value
 		if cv.Value() == nil {
-			delete(keyStrs, key.(string))
+			delete(keyStrs, key)
 		} else {
-			keyStrs[key.(string)] = struct{}{}
+			keyStrs[key] = struct{}{}
 		}
-		return true
-	})
+	}
 	for k := range keyStrs {
 		res = append(res, k)
 	}

From 17c7e3a2efbccda7d250fadf22a2d4552b4a7f16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 18:07:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 15/47] ch

---
 benchmark/CLAUDE.md                           |  18 +++-
 ...ecuteEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md | 101 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md  |  16 ++-
 3 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md

diff --git a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
index 2e17bddcdb..677e74666a 100644
--- a/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/benchmark/CLAUDE.md
@@ -1,5 +1,21 @@
 # Benchmark
 
+## Pre-run analysis check
+
+Before running `benchmark.sh` or `benchmark-compare.sh`, read any relevant docs in `benchmark/analysis/` for the target function or path first. This keeps each run tied to prior findings and reduces repeated experimentation.
+
+```bash
+ls benchmark/analysis/*.md
+```
+
+For example, for `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`, review:
+
+```bash
+sed -n '1,220p' benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
+```
+
+Use the analysis notes to define your baseline, expected bottlenecks, and pass/fail criteria before launching a new benchmark.
+
 ## Single scenario
 
 ```bash
@@ -199,7 +215,7 @@ Run `go tool pprof` from the sei-chain repo root so that `list` and `web` comman
 Full iteration cycle for profiling, optimizing, and validating performance changes:
 
 1. **Profile:** Run `benchmark/benchmark.sh` (auto-captures all 6 profile types, extracts TPS, exits)
-2. **Analyze:** Inspect profiles with `go tool pprof -top -cum /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` (repeat for fgprof, heap with `-alloc_space`, goroutine, block, mutex)
+2. **Analyze:** Read the relevant entry in `benchmark/analysis/` for context, then inspect profiles with `go tool pprof -top -cum /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` (repeat for fgprof, heap with `-alloc_space`, goroutine, block, mutex)
 3. **Flamegraphs:** Open interactive UIs for cpu, fgprof, and heap on separate ports: `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`, `go tool pprof -http=:8081 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`, `go tool pprof -http=:8082 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
 4. **Summarize:** Present findings to user — biggest bottleneck, candidate optimizations, expected impact, and trade-offs
 5. **Discuss:** Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue before writing any code. The user picks the approach or suggests an alternative
diff --git a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab9f3d483c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# Decision Log: executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor Optimization Direction
+
+## Date
+
+2026-02-13
+
+## Objective
+
+Pick a concrete optimization direction for `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` and validate whether it produces a meaningful TPS gain before implementing changes.
+
+### Pool-change history reference (preserved)
+
+- The earlier pool experiment commit is `dbd6ad52ff10e003bed8ba2b5744f39b867fb876`.
+- It was reverted by `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb`.
+- This run keeps `dbd6...` reverted and evaluates the later map-based candidate against that reverted baseline.
+
+### What was actually optimized in this run
+
+- The comparison targeted one concrete code change: commit `87c97e7b2faa4a9e08d50fdde32ffbabd84a38cb` changes `giga/deps/store/cachekv.go` from `sync.Map` + `sync.Map`-based deleted tracking to regular maps (`map[string]*types.CValue` and `map[string]struct{}`), with mutex protection added around map access.
+- The baseline commit `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb` is the direct predecessor where `cachekv.Store` pooling (`sync.Pool`) was reverted, so this run specifically tests the map-vs-pool design for giga cachekv in the existing snapshot/cache-heavy execution path.
+- No additional optimization passes were applied during this validation pass beyond the above candidate-vs-baseline diff.
+
+## What we committed to in this validation pass
+
+- **Approach chosen:** validate candidate vs baseline through a statistically informed benchmark pass, not implementation.
+- **Scope kept constant:**
+  - scenario: `benchmark/scenarios/evm.json`
+  - flags: `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=1000`
+  - duration: `DURATION=300`
+  - artifacts: TPS + `pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}` for both branches
+
+## Candidate selected for check
+
+- Baseline: `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb`
+- Candidate: `87c97e7b2faa4a9e08d50fdde32ffbabd84a38cb`
+
+## Method used
+
+1. Run `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<baseline> candidate=<candidate>`.
+2. Capture paired TPS series from `/tmp/sei-bench/baseline/tps.txt` and `/tmp/sei-bench/candidate/tps.txt`.
+3. Compute paired deltas and t-stat to avoid overreading one-run medians.
+4. Generate focused profile diffs for the execute function path:
+   - `cpu.pb.gz` (cum and focus)
+   - `fgprof.pb.gz` (cum and focus)
+   - `heap.pb.gz` (alloc-space cum diff)
+
+## Execution result
+
+- Run300 outcomes:
+  - baseline median/avg: `6200 / 6116`
+  - candidate median/avg: `6200 / 6155`
+  - paired mean delta: `+40.4`
+  - non-positive deltas: `35.0%`
+  - t-stat: `~0.377`
+- Run301 outcomes:
+  - baseline median/avg: `6479 / 6404`
+  - candidate median/avg: `6599 / 6436`
+  - paired mean delta: `+27.2`
+  - non-positive deltas: `45.8%`
+  - t-stat: `~0.180`
+
+### Decision
+
+- **No clear sustained optimization win was proven**.
+- Mean TPS lift looked small and noisy (`~+0.5%` to `~+0.7%`), with mixed per-interval direction and high variance.
+- The result is **not a go/no-go signal** for code changes yet.
+
+### Profile outcome
+
+- Focused diffs on `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` were mixed and low-magnitude overall.
+- No single, obvious path improvement dominated CPU/fgprof deltas.
+- Heap diffs showed meaningful churn in `sync.Map`/`HashTrieMap` and store-write internals (`newEntryNode`, `newIndirectNode`, `cachekv`, `cachemulti`), consistent with prior hotspot theory but still not resolved into a stable net gain.
+
+## Artifacts captured this pass
+
+- `/tmp/sei-bench-rep-run300.log`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench-rep-run301.log`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/baseline/tps.txt`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/candidate/tps.txt`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz`
+- `/tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/{cpu,fgprof,heap,goroutine,block,mutex}.pb.gz`
+- `/tmp/candidate_cpu_focus_execute_301.txt`
+- `/tmp/candidate_cpu_cum_executeevm_301.txt`
+- `/tmp/candidate_fgprof_cum_executeevm_301.txt`
+- `/tmp/candidate_heap_alloc_cum_executeevm_301.txt`
+
+## Next-direction guidance (to avoid redoing this iteration)
+
+Before the next benchmark run, define one **single** optimization direction and a pass/fail rule:
+
+- **Direction A (snapshot/store allocation reduction):** implement one proposed change, then require at least 2 fresh `DURATION=300` compare runs where paired mean delta is positive and statistically stronger than noise.
+- **Direction B (sync.Map alternatives):** benchmark after implementation with same flags and scripts.
+- **Direction C (small constant-caching tweaks):** run as a lower-risk follow-up only after A/B are validated, since expected gain is small.
+
+### Suggested acceptance rule per direction
+
+- minimum 2 runs
+- consistent median/average gain direction
+- nonpositive paired deltas should be materially below 25%
+- clear improvement in focused `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` path in either CPU cum or fgprof cum profile
+- no regressions in lock, goroutine, or mutex profiles that exceed previous baseline risk thresholds
diff --git a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
index c8f8700ec6..dfa1a57261 100644
--- a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
+++ b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
 # Profiling Analysis: executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor
 
 **Date:** 2026-02-13
-**Branch:** pd/benchmark-profiling-improvements (commit dcbfd5a02)
-**Scenario:** benchmark/scenarios/evm.json
-**Config:** GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DURATION=120
+**Branch:** pd/benchmark-profiling-improvements
+**Function:** `github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/app.(*App).executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor`
+**Scenario:** `benchmark/scenarios/evm.json`
+**Config:** `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true DURATION=300 BENCHMARK_TXS_PER_BATCH=1000`
+
+## Benchmark Experiment Note
+
+The latest 300s compare run and its outcome are tracked separately in:
+`benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md`.
+
+## Historical baseline (DURATION=120)
+
+Prior detailed investigation with shorter duration identified Snapshot + cache-store materialization as a major allocation and contention hotspot.
 
 ## Baseline
 

From cd076071a99e74e57454196ad4fdc9b33026a243 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 18:15:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 16/47] Revert "perf: use plain maps in giga cachekv store"

This reverts commit 0244baf53c64ba986c3a421d6a6c8621a0fd2b3b.
---
 .agents/skills/optimize.md | 94 --------------------------------------
 giga/deps/store/cachekv.go | 69 +++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .agents/skills/optimize.md

diff --git a/.agents/skills/optimize.md b/.agents/skills/optimize.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c6b893c323..0000000000
--- a/.agents/skills/optimize.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
----
-name: optimize
-description: Run a profiling-driven optimization loop for a specific function
-argument-hint: "<function-name> e.g. executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor"
-allowed-tools:
-  - Read
-  - Write
-  - Edit
-  - Glob
-  - Grep
-  - Bash
-  - Task
-  - AskUserQuestion
----
-
-# Optimization Loop for: $ARGUMENTS
-
-You are running a profiling-driven optimization loop focused on the function `$ARGUMENTS`.
-
-## References
-
-Read `benchmark/CLAUDE.md` for benchmark commands, environment variables, profiling, and the full optimization loop steps.
-
-## Workflow
-
-Execute the optimization loop from benchmark/CLAUDE.md section "Optimization loop", but focused on `$ARGUMENTS`:
-
-### Phase 1: Understand the target function
-
-1. Find the function `$ARGUMENTS` in the codebase using Grep
-2. Read the function and its callers/callees to understand the hot path
-3. Identify what packages, types, and helpers it uses
-
-### Phase 2: Profile
-
-4. Run the benchmark: `GIGA_EXECUTOR=true GIGA_OCC=true benchmark/benchmark.sh`
-5. Wait for it to complete (default DURATION=120s)
-
-### Phase 3: Analyze (focused on target function)
-
-6. Run pprof analysis focused on `$ARGUMENTS` and its call tree. Run these in parallel:
-   - CPU: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
-   - fgprof: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
-   - Heap (alloc_space): `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
-   - Heap (alloc_objects): `go tool pprof -alloc_objects -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
-   - Block: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/block.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
-   - Mutex: `go tool pprof -top -cum -nodecount=40 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/mutex.pb.gz 2>&1 | head -60`
-7. Use `go tool pprof -text -focus='$ARGUMENTS' /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz` to get function-focused breakdown
-8. Open flamegraphs on separate ports for the user to inspect:
-   - `go tool pprof -http=:8080 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
-   - `go tool pprof -http=:8081 /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
-   - `go tool pprof -http=:8082 -alloc_space /tmp/sei-bench/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
-
-### Phase 4: Summarize and discuss
-
-9. Present findings to the user:
-   - TPS from the benchmark run (extract from `/tmp/sei-bench/tps.txt`)
-   - Where `$ARGUMENTS` and its callees spend the most time (CPU, wall-clock)
-   - Biggest allocation hotspots within the function's call tree
-   - Any contention (block/mutex) in the function's path
-   - Top 2-3 candidate optimizations with expected impact and trade-offs
-10. Ask the user which optimization direction to pursue. Do NOT write any code until the user picks.
-
-### Phase 5: Implement
-
-11. Implement the chosen optimization
-12. Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified `.go` files
-13. Commit the change
-
-### Phase 6: Compare
-
-14. Record the commit hash before and after the optimization
-15. Run comparison: `benchmark/benchmark-compare.sh baseline=<before-commit> candidate=<after-commit>`
-16. Open diff flamegraphs for the user:
-    - `go tool pprof -http=:8083 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz &`
-    - `go tool pprof -http=:8084 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/fgprof.pb.gz &`
-    - `go tool pprof -http=:8085 -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz &`
-
-### Phase 7: Validate
-
-17. Present results:
-    - TPS delta (baseline vs candidate)
-    - CPU diff: `go tool pprof -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/cpu.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/cpu.pb.gz`
-    - Heap diff: `go tool pprof -alloc_space -top -diff_base /tmp/sei-bench/baseline/pprof/heap.pb.gz /tmp/sei-bench/candidate/pprof/heap.pb.gz`
-18. Ask the user: keep, iterate, or revert?
-19. If keep and user approves, ask whether to open a PR
-
-## Important rules
-
-- ALWAYS ask the user before writing any optimization code (step 10)
-- ALWAYS ask the user before opening a PR (step 19)
-- Cross-session benchmark numbers are NOT comparable. Only compare within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run.
-- Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified Go files before committing
-- If `$ARGUMENTS` is empty or not found, ask the user to provide the function name
diff --git a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
index cd1f624cd1..631ee2cd2d 100644
--- a/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
+++ b/giga/deps/store/cachekv.go
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import (
 // Store wraps an in-memory cache around an underlying types.KVStore.
 type Store struct {
 	mtx       sync.RWMutex
-	cache     map[string]*types.CValue
-	deleted   map[string]struct{}
+	cache     *sync.Map
+	deleted   *sync.Map
 	parent    types.KVStore
 	storeKey  types.StoreKey
 	cacheSize int
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*Store)(nil)
 // NewStore creates a new Store object
 func NewStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey, cacheSize int) *Store {
 	return &Store{
-		cache:     make(map[string]*types.CValue),
-		deleted:   make(map[string]struct{}),
+		cache:     &sync.Map{},
+		deleted:   &sync.Map{},
 		parent:    parent,
 		storeKey:  storeKey,
 		cacheSize: cacheSize,
@@ -44,11 +44,8 @@ func (store *Store) GetStoreType() types.StoreType {
 
 // getFromCache queries the write-through cache for a value by key.
 func (store *Store) getFromCache(key []byte) []byte {
-	store.mtx.RLock()
-	cv, ok := store.cache[UnsafeBytesToStr(key)]
-	store.mtx.RUnlock()
-	if ok {
-		return cv.Value()
+	if cv, ok := store.cache.Load(UnsafeBytesToStr(key)); ok {
+		return cv.(*types.CValue).Value()
 	}
 	return store.parent.Get(key)
 }
@@ -87,11 +84,12 @@ func (store *Store) Write() {
 	// Not the best, but probably not a bottleneck depending.
 	keys := []string{}
 
-	for key, value := range store.cache {
-		if value.Dirty() {
-			keys = append(keys, key)
+	store.cache.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		if value.(*types.CValue).Dirty() {
+			keys = append(keys, key.(string))
 		}
-	}
+		return true
+	})
 	sort.Strings(keys)
 	// TODO: Consider allowing usage of Batch, which would allow the write to
 	// at least happen atomically.
@@ -105,10 +103,10 @@ func (store *Store) Write() {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cacheValue, ok := store.cache[key]
-		if ok && cacheValue.Value() != nil {
+		cacheValue, ok := store.cache.Load(key)
+		if ok && cacheValue.(*types.CValue).Value() != nil {
 			// It already exists in the parent, hence delete it.
-			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cacheValue.Value())
+			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cacheValue.(*types.CValue).Value())
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -117,11 +115,14 @@ func (store *Store) Write() {
 	// writes immediately visible until Commit(). By keeping the cache populated
 	// with clean entries, subsequent reads will still hit the cache instead of
 	// falling through to the parent which can't read uncommitted data.
-	for key, cv := range store.cache {
-		store.cache[key] = types.NewCValue(cv.Value(), false)
-	}
+	store.cache.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		cv := value.(*types.CValue)
+		// Replace with a clean (non-dirty) version of the same value
+		store.cache.Store(key, types.NewCValue(cv.Value(), false))
+		return true
+	})
 	// Clear the deleted map since those deletes have been sent to parent
-	store.deleted = make(map[string]struct{})
+	store.deleted = &sync.Map{}
 }
 
 // CacheWrap implements CacheWrapper.
@@ -141,20 +142,18 @@ func (store *Store) VersionExists(version int64) bool {
 // Only entrypoint to mutate store.cache.
 func (store *Store) setCacheValue(key, value []byte, deleted bool, dirty bool) {
 	types.AssertValidKey(key)
-	store.mtx.Lock()
-	defer store.mtx.Unlock()
 
 	keyStr := UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
-	store.cache[keyStr] = types.NewCValue(value, dirty)
+	store.cache.Store(keyStr, types.NewCValue(value, dirty))
 	if deleted {
-		store.deleted[keyStr] = struct{}{}
+		store.deleted.Store(keyStr, struct{}{})
 	} else {
-		delete(store.deleted, keyStr)
+		store.deleted.Delete(keyStr)
 	}
 }
 
 func (store *Store) isDeleted(key string) bool {
-	_, ok := store.deleted[key]
+	_, ok := store.deleted.Load(key)
 	return ok
 }
 
@@ -170,26 +169,24 @@ func (store *Store) DeleteAll(start, end []byte) error {
 }
 
 func (store *Store) GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end []byte) (res []string) {
-	store.mtx.RLock()
-	defer store.mtx.RUnlock()
-
 	keyStrs := map[string]struct{}{}
 	for _, pk := range store.parent.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
 		keyStrs[pk] = struct{}{}
 	}
-	for key, value := range store.cache {
-		kbz := []byte(key)
+	store.cache.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		kbz := []byte(key.(string))
 		if bytes.Compare(kbz, start) < 0 || bytes.Compare(kbz, end) >= 0 {
 			// we don't want to break out of the iteration since cache isn't sorted
-			continue
+			return true
 		}
-		cv := value
+		cv := value.(*types.CValue)
 		if cv.Value() == nil {
-			delete(keyStrs, key)
+			delete(keyStrs, key.(string))
 		} else {
-			keyStrs[key] = struct{}{}
+			keyStrs[key.(string)] = struct{}{}
 		}
-	}
+		return true
+	})
 	for k := range keyStrs {
 		res = append(res, k)
 	}

From b3f02938cbec71259a309bc72dabaa9773a0d08d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 18:16:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 17/47] ch

---
 .../executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md  | 15 +++++++++++++--
 .../analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md      |  8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md
index ab9f3d483c..2b12e20e86 100644
--- a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md
+++ b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
 
 Pick a concrete optimization direction for `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` and validate whether it produces a meaningful TPS gain before implementing changes.
 
+## Status update
+
+- The sync.Map-to-plain-map cachekv change (`0244baf53...`, previously recorded as `87c97e7b2...` in earlier notes) is now formally closed.
+- The branch now contains commit `a8e96318d` reverting that change.
+- Reason: 300s benchmark evidence remained within noise (`~+0.5%` to `~+0.7%`, high variance, mixed deltas), so we did not retain the optimization in-tree.
+- Current active code has returned to the previous sync.Map state with pool-based optimization already reverted.
+
 ### Pool-change history reference (preserved)
 
 - The earlier pool experiment commit is `dbd6ad52ff10e003bed8ba2b5744f39b867fb876`.
@@ -16,10 +23,14 @@ Pick a concrete optimization direction for `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` and va
 
 ### What was actually optimized in this run
 
-- The comparison targeted one concrete code change: commit `87c97e7b2faa4a9e08d50fdde32ffbabd84a38cb` changes `giga/deps/store/cachekv.go` from `sync.Map` + `sync.Map`-based deleted tracking to regular maps (`map[string]*types.CValue` and `map[string]struct{}`), with mutex protection added around map access.
+- The comparison targeted one concrete code change: commit `0244baf53...` (`giga/deps/store/cachekv.go`) changed from `sync.Map` + `sync.Map`-based deleted tracking to regular maps (`map[string]*types.CValue` and `map[string]struct{}`), with mutex protection added around map access.
 - The baseline commit `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb` is the direct predecessor where `cachekv.Store` pooling (`sync.Pool`) was reverted, so this run specifically tests the map-vs-pool design for giga cachekv in the existing snapshot/cache-heavy execution path.
 - No additional optimization passes were applied during this validation pass beyond the above candidate-vs-baseline diff.
 
+### Closure decision
+
+- `0244baf53...` is no longer part of this branch; it was reverted by `a8e96318d` after the validation pass due insufficient signal.
+
 ## What we committed to in this validation pass
 
 - **Approach chosen:** validate candidate vs baseline through a statistically informed benchmark pass, not implementation.
@@ -32,7 +43,7 @@ Pick a concrete optimization direction for `executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor` and va
 ## Candidate selected for check
 
 - Baseline: `ebddcb9cea7d8bf2696911c49dcb11023a0350fb`
-- Candidate: `87c97e7b2faa4a9e08d50fdde32ffbabd84a38cb`
+- Candidate: `0244baf53...`
 
 ## Method used
 
diff --git a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
index dfa1a57261..2583c17ebd 100644
--- a/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
+++ b/benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.md
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 The latest 300s compare run and its outcome are tracked separately in:
 `benchmark/analysis/executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor-decision-log.md`.
 
+The plain-map giga cachekv experiment was not retained. It was reverted in commit `a8e96318d` after validation showed the TPS delta was within noise.
+
 ## Historical baseline (DURATION=120)
 
 Prior detailed investigation with shorter duration identified Snapshot + cache-store materialization as a major allocation and contention hotspot.
@@ -136,7 +138,9 @@ This happens at minimum once per tx (NewDBImpl's initial Snapshot), plus additio
 
 `ChainID()` is called at lines 1721 and 1764. `DefaultChainConfig()` is called inside `RecoverSenderFromEthTx` and again implicitly at line 1764. Minor but free to fix.
 
-## Candidate Optimizations
+## Candidate Optimizations (historical proposals)
+
+These options are historical hypotheses from earlier profiling; they are preserved for planning and were **not all implemented** in the current branch run.
 
 ### A. Pool/reuse cachekv.Store objects (high impact)
 
@@ -156,6 +160,8 @@ Currently `materializeOnce.Do` creates cachekv.Store for ALL module stores when
 
 The giga `cachekv.Store` uses `sync.Map` but within OCC, each store belongs to a single goroutine's execution. Regular maps are ~10x cheaper to allocate and access.
 
+Tested in this pass as `0244baf53...`, then reverted in `a8e96318d` because gains were not statistically robust.
+
 **Expected impact:** 5-10% TPS improvement
 **Risk:** Low — need to verify no concurrent access in OCC path
 

From 67f428c98de18ff6c3b0641fff9415e5fc23ece8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 14:16:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 18/47] perf: cache block-level constants in
 executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor

Cache ChainID, BlockContext, ChainConfig, and BaseFee once per block
instead of recomputing them for every transaction. These values are
identical for all txs in a block but were previously causing redundant
store reads, Keccak256 hashing, and big.Int allocations on every call.

The cache is constructed as a local variable and passed as a parameter
to executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor, avoiding any mutable state on App.
Both giga execution paths (synchronous and OCC) are covered.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 app/app.go | 158 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/app/app.go b/app/app.go
index 2a54075628..48f7fad83d 100644
--- a/app/app.go
+++ b/app/app.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
+	"math/big"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ import (
 	ethtypes "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient"
+	ethparams "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	ethrpc "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/giga/deps/tasks"
 
@@ -317,6 +319,33 @@ func GetWasmEnabledProposals() []wasm.ProposalType {
 // App extends an ABCI application, but with most of its parameters exported.
 // They are exported for convenience in creating helper functions, as object
 // capabilities aren't needed for testing.
+// gigaBlockCache holds block-constant values that are identical for all txs in a block.
+// Populated once before block execution, read-only during parallel execution, cleared after.
+type gigaBlockCache struct {
+	chainID     *big.Int
+	blockCtx    vm.BlockContext
+	chainConfig *ethparams.ChainConfig
+	baseFee     *big.Int
+}
+
+func newGigaBlockCache(ctx sdk.Context, keeper *gigaevmkeeper.Keeper) (*gigaBlockCache, error) {
+	chainID := keeper.ChainID(ctx)
+	gp := keeper.GetGasPool()
+	blockCtx, err := keeper.GetVMBlockContext(ctx, gp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sstore := keeper.GetParams(ctx).SeiSstoreSetGasEip2200
+	chainConfig := evmtypes.DefaultChainConfig().EthereumConfigWithSstore(chainID, &sstore)
+	baseFee := keeper.GetBaseFee(ctx)
+	return &gigaBlockCache{
+		chainID:     chainID,
+		blockCtx:    *blockCtx,
+		chainConfig: chainConfig,
+		baseFee:     baseFee,
+	}, nil
+}
+
 type App struct {
 	*baseapp.BaseApp
 
@@ -1371,6 +1400,14 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTxsSynchronousGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTx
 	ms := ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()
 	defer ms.Write()
 	ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+
+	// Cache block-level constants (identical for all txs in this block).
+	cache, cacheErr := newGigaBlockCache(ctx, &app.GigaEvmKeeper)
+	if cacheErr != nil {
+		ctx.Logger().Error("failed to build giga block cache", "error", cacheErr, "height", ctx.BlockHeight())
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	txResults := make([]*abci.ExecTxResult, len(txs))
 	for i, tx := range txs {
 		ctx = ctx.WithTxIndex(absoluteTxIndices[i])
@@ -1384,7 +1421,7 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTxsSynchronousGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTx
 		}
 
 		// Execute EVM transaction through giga executor
-		result, execErr := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg)
+		result, execErr := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg, cache)
 		if execErr != nil {
 			// Check if this is a fail-fast error (Cosmos precompile interop detected)
 			if gigautils.ShouldExecutionAbort(execErr) {
@@ -1542,15 +1579,24 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTxs []
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Create OCC scheduler with giga executor deliverTx.
+	// Run EVM txs against a cache so we can discard all changes on fallback.
+	evmCtx, evmCache := app.CacheContext(ctx)
+
+	// Cache block-level constants (identical for all txs in this block).
+	// Must use evmCtx (not ctx) because giga KV stores are registered in CacheContext.
+	cache, cacheErr := newGigaBlockCache(evmCtx, &app.GigaEvmKeeper)
+	if cacheErr != nil {
+		ctx.Logger().Error("failed to build giga block cache", "error", cacheErr, "height", ctx.BlockHeight())
+		return nil, ctx
+	}
+
+	// Create OCC scheduler with giga executor deliverTx capturing the cache.
 	evmScheduler := tasks.NewScheduler(
 		app.ConcurrencyWorkers(),
 		app.TracingInfo,
-		app.gigaDeliverTx,
+		app.makeGigaDeliverTx(cache),
 	)
 
-	// Run EVM txs against a cache so we can discard all changes on fallback.
-	evmCtx, evmCache := app.CacheContext(ctx)
 	evmBatchResult, evmSchedErr := evmScheduler.ProcessAll(evmCtx, evmEntries)
 	if evmSchedErr != nil {
 		// TODO: DeliverTxBatch panics in this case
@@ -1711,14 +1757,14 @@ func (app *App) ProcessBlock(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, req BlockProcessRequ
 
 // executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor executes a single EVM transaction using the giga executor.
 // The sender address is recovered directly from the transaction signature - no Cosmos SDK ante handlers needed.
-func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgEVMTransaction) (*abci.ExecTxResult, error) {
+func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgEVMTransaction, cache *gigaBlockCache) (*abci.ExecTxResult, error) {
 	// Get the Ethereum transaction from the message
 	ethTx, txData := msg.AsTransaction()
 	if ethTx == nil || txData == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert to eth transaction")
 	}
 
-	chainID := app.GigaEvmKeeper.ChainID(ctx)
+	chainID := cache.chainID
 
 	// Recover sender using the same logic as preprocess.go (version-based signer selection)
 	sender, seiAddr, pubkey, recoverErr := evmante.RecoverSenderFromEthTx(ctx, ethTx, chainID)
@@ -1747,27 +1793,18 @@ func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgE
 	stateDB := gigaevmstate.NewDBImpl(ctx, &app.GigaEvmKeeper, false)
 	defer stateDB.Cleanup()
 
-	// Get gas pool
+	// Get gas pool (mutated per tx, cannot be cached)
 	gp := app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetGasPool()
 
-	// Get block context
-	blockCtx, blockCtxErr := app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetVMBlockContext(ctx, gp)
-	if blockCtxErr != nil {
-		return &abci.ExecTxResult{
-			Code: 1,
-			Log:  fmt.Sprintf("failed to get block context: %v", blockCtxErr),
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	// Get chain config
-	sstore := app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetParams(ctx).SeiSstoreSetGasEip2200
-	cfg := evmtypes.DefaultChainConfig().EthereumConfigWithSstore(app.GigaEvmKeeper.ChainID(ctx), &sstore)
+	// Use cached block-level constants
+	blockCtx := cache.blockCtx
+	cfg := cache.chainConfig
 
 	// Create Giga executor VM
-	gigaExecutor := gigaexecutor.NewGethExecutor(*blockCtx, stateDB, cfg, vm.Config{}, gigaprecompiles.AllCustomPrecompilesFailFast)
+	gigaExecutor := gigaexecutor.NewGethExecutor(blockCtx, stateDB, cfg, vm.Config{}, gigaprecompiles.AllCustomPrecompilesFailFast)
 
 	// Execute the transaction through giga VM
-	execResult, execErr := gigaExecutor.ExecuteTransaction(ethTx, sender, app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetBaseFee(ctx), &gp)
+	execResult, execErr := gigaExecutor.ExecuteTransaction(ethTx, sender, cache.baseFee, &gp)
 	if execErr != nil {
 		return &abci.ExecTxResult{
 			Code: 1,
@@ -1886,49 +1923,52 @@ func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgE
 }
 
 // gigaDeliverTx is the OCC-compatible deliverTx function for the giga executor.
-// The ctx.MultiStore() is already wrapped with VersionIndexedStore by the scheduler.
-func (app *App) gigaDeliverTx(ctx sdk.Context, req abci.RequestDeliverTxV2, tx sdk.Tx, checksum [32]byte) abci.ResponseDeliverTx {
-	defer func() {
-		if r := recover(); r != nil {
-			// OCC abort panics are expected - the scheduler uses them to detect conflicts
-			// and reschedule transactions. Don't log these as errors.
-			if _, isOCCAbort := r.(occ.Abort); !isOCCAbort {
-				ctx.Logger().Error("benchmark panic in gigaDeliverTx", "panic", r, "stack", string(debug.Stack()))
+// makeGigaDeliverTx returns an OCC-compatible deliverTx callback that captures the given
+// block cache, avoiding mutable state on App for cache lifecycle management.
+func (app *App) makeGigaDeliverTx(cache *gigaBlockCache) func(sdk.Context, abci.RequestDeliverTxV2, sdk.Tx, [32]byte) abci.ResponseDeliverTx {
+	return func(ctx sdk.Context, req abci.RequestDeliverTxV2, tx sdk.Tx, checksum [32]byte) abci.ResponseDeliverTx {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				// OCC abort panics are expected - the scheduler uses them to detect conflicts
+				// and reschedule transactions. Don't log these as errors.
+				if _, isOCCAbort := r.(occ.Abort); !isOCCAbort {
+					ctx.Logger().Error("benchmark panic in gigaDeliverTx", "panic", r, "stack", string(debug.Stack()))
+				}
 			}
-		}
-	}()
+		}()
 
-	evmMsg := app.GetEVMMsg(tx)
-	if evmMsg == nil {
-		return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: "not an EVM transaction"}
-	}
+		evmMsg := app.GetEVMMsg(tx)
+		if evmMsg == nil {
+			return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: "not an EVM transaction"}
+		}
 
-	result, err := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Check if this is a fail-fast error (Cosmos precompile interop detected)
-		if gigautils.ShouldExecutionAbort(err) {
-			// Return a sentinel response so the caller can fall back to v2.
-			return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
-				Code:      gigautils.GigaAbortCode,
-				Codespace: gigautils.GigaAbortCodespace,
-				Info:      gigautils.GigaAbortInfo,
-				Log:       "giga executor abort: fall back to v2",
+		result, err := app.executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx, evmMsg, cache)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Check if this is a fail-fast error (Cosmos precompile interop detected)
+			if gigautils.ShouldExecutionAbort(err) {
+				// Return a sentinel response so the caller can fall back to v2.
+				return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
+					Code:      gigautils.GigaAbortCode,
+					Codespace: gigautils.GigaAbortCodespace,
+					Info:      gigautils.GigaAbortInfo,
+					Log:       "giga executor abort: fall back to v2",
+				}
 			}
-		}
 
-		return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: fmt.Sprintf("giga executor error: %v", err)}
-	}
+			return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{Code: 1, Log: fmt.Sprintf("giga executor error: %v", err)}
+		}
 
-	return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
-		Code:      result.Code,
-		Data:      result.Data,
-		Log:       result.Log,
-		Info:      result.Info,
-		GasWanted: result.GasWanted,
-		GasUsed:   result.GasUsed,
-		Events:    result.Events,
-		Codespace: result.Codespace,
-		EvmTxInfo: result.EvmTxInfo,
+		return abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
+			Code:      result.Code,
+			Data:      result.Data,
+			Log:       result.Log,
+			Info:      result.Info,
+			GasWanted: result.GasWanted,
+			GasUsed:   result.GasUsed,
+			Events:    result.Events,
+			Codespace: result.Codespace,
+			EvmTxInfo: result.EvmTxInfo,
+		}
 	}
 }
 

From 8427cc23fa1cbd0e6641999b06d69947d4b5ba1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 14:45:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 19/47] perf: use plain-map FastStore for giga executor
 snapshots

Replace sync.Map-based cachekv stores with plain-map FastStore in the
giga executor snapshot path. Since each OCC task's snapshot stores are
owned by a single goroutine, sync.Map's thread-safety overhead is
unnecessary waste.

Changes:
- Add cachekv.FastStore and gigacachekv.FastStore using plain maps
- Add CacheMultiStoreGiga() to cachemulti.Store for lightweight CMS
- DBImpl.Snapshot() uses CacheMultiStoreGiga() when available
- Remove initial Snapshot() from NewDBImpl, use committedCtx instead
- Lazy store creation uses FastStore when CMS is in fast mode

Expected impact: significant reduction in allocation pressure from
sync.Map creation and internal node allocation (~30GB/30s savings),
with compounding GC overhead reduction.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go        | 156 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go          |  18 ++-
 giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go        |  18 +--
 sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go | 154 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go   |  90 +++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 426 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go
 create mode 100644 sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go

diff --git a/giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go b/giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d10750e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/giga/deps/store/fast_cachekv.go
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/tracekv"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
+)
+
+// FastStore is a single-goroutine giga cachekv store using plain maps instead of sync.Map.
+// It MUST NOT be used from multiple goroutines concurrently.
+// Use this for snapshot stores in the giga executor path where each store is
+// owned by a single task goroutine.
+type FastStore struct {
+	cache    map[string]*types.CValue
+	deleted  map[string]struct{}
+	parent   types.KVStore
+	storeKey types.StoreKey
+}
+
+var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*FastStore)(nil)
+
+// NewFastStore creates a new FastStore backed by plain maps.
+func NewFastStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey) *FastStore {
+	return &FastStore{
+		cache:    make(map[string]*types.CValue),
+		deleted:  make(map[string]struct{}),
+		parent:   parent,
+		storeKey: storeKey,
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
+	panic("should never attempt to get working hash from cache kv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetStoreType() types.StoreType {
+	return store.parent.GetStoreType()
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Get(key []byte) []byte {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	if cv, ok := store.cache[keyStr]; ok {
+		return cv.Value()
+	}
+	return store.parent.Get(key)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Set(key []byte, value []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	types.AssertValidValue(value)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, value, false, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Has(key []byte) bool {
+	return store.Get(key) != nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Delete(key []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, nil, true, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Write() {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(store.cache))
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		if v.Dirty() {
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, del := store.deleted[key]; del {
+			store.parent.Delete([]byte(key))
+			continue
+		}
+		if cv, ok := store.cache[key]; ok && cv.Value() != nil {
+			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cv.Value())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Mark all entries as clean instead of clearing — parent store may not
+	// make writes visible until Commit().
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		store.cache[k] = types.NewCValue(v.Value(), false)
+	}
+	clear(store.deleted)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrap(storeKey types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(store, storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrapWithTrace(storeKey types.StoreKey, w io.Writer, tc types.TraceContext) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(tracekv.NewStore(store, w, tc), storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) VersionExists(version int64) bool {
+	return store.parent.VersionExists(version)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) setCacheValue(key, value []byte, deleted bool, dirty bool) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	store.cache[keyStr] = types.NewCValue(value, dirty)
+	if deleted {
+		store.deleted[keyStr] = struct{}{}
+	} else {
+		delete(store.deleted, keyStr)
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetParent() types.KVStore {
+	return store.parent
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) DeleteAll(start, end []byte) error {
+	for _, k := range store.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		store.Delete([]byte(k))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end []byte) (res []string) {
+	keyStrs := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, pk := range store.parent.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		keyStrs[pk] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		kbz := []byte(k)
+		if bytes.Compare(kbz, start) < 0 || bytes.Compare(kbz, end) >= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if v.Value() == nil {
+			delete(keyStrs, k)
+		} else {
+			keyStrs[k] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	for k := range keyStrs {
+		res = append(res, k)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Iterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected iterator call on fast giga cachekv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) ReverseIterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected reverse iterator call on fast giga cachekv store")
+}
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
index e57e962221..c366517c41 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) CreateAccount(acc common.Address) {
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) GetCommittedState(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash) common.Hash {
-	return s.getState(s.snapshottedCtxs[0], addr, hash)
+	return s.getState(s.committedCtx, addr, hash)
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) GetState(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash) common.Hash {
@@ -101,8 +101,22 @@ func (s *DBImpl) HasSelfDestructed(acc common.Address) bool {
 	return bytes.Equal(val, AccountDeleted)
 }
 
+// gigaCacheMultiStorer is implemented by cachemulti.Store to provide a
+// lightweight CMS that uses plain maps instead of sync.Map. This is safe
+// for single-goroutine use in the giga executor snapshot path.
+type gigaCacheMultiStorer interface {
+	CacheMultiStoreGiga() storetypes.CacheMultiStore
+}
+
 func (s *DBImpl) Snapshot() int {
-	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(s.ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	ms := s.ctx.MultiStore()
+	var cms storetypes.CacheMultiStore
+	if gms, ok := ms.(gigaCacheMultiStorer); ok {
+		cms = gms.CacheMultiStoreGiga()
+	} else {
+		cms = ms.CacheMultiStore()
+	}
+	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(cms).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = append(s.snapshottedCtxs, s.ctx)
 	s.ctx = newCtx
 	version := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
index eb95116d05..9655fbe432 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 // Initialized for each transaction individually
 type DBImpl struct {
 	ctx             sdk.Context
+	committedCtx    sdk.Context // original ctx for GetCommittedState (avoids one CMS clone)
 	snapshottedCtxs []sdk.Context
 
 	tempState *TemporaryState
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ func NewDBImpl(ctx sdk.Context, k EVMKeeper, simulation bool) *DBImpl {
 	feeCollector, _ := k.GetFeeCollectorAddress(ctx)
 	s := &DBImpl{
 		ctx:                ctx,
+		committedCtx:       ctx, // store committed state reference directly
 		k:                  k,
 		snapshottedCtxs:    []sdk.Context{},
 		coinbaseAddress:    GetCoinbaseAddress(ctx.TxIndex()),
@@ -54,7 +56,8 @@ func NewDBImpl(ctx sdk.Context, k EVMKeeper, simulation bool) *DBImpl {
 		journal:            []journalEntry{},
 		coinbaseEvmAddress: feeCollector,
 	}
-	s.Snapshot() // take an initial snapshot for GetCommitted
+	// No initial Snapshot() — committed state is accessed via committedCtx.
+	// The first real Snapshot() happens in Prepare() during EVM execution.
 	return s
 }
 
@@ -87,14 +90,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) Cleanup() {
 
 func (s *DBImpl) CleanupForTracer() {
 	s.flushCtxs()
-	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
-		s.ctx = s.snapshottedCtxs[0]
-	}
+	s.ctx = s.committedCtx
 	feeCollector, _ := s.k.GetFeeCollectorAddress(s.Ctx())
 	s.coinbaseEvmAddress = feeCollector
 	s.tempState = NewTemporaryState()
 	s.journal = []journalEntry{}
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = []sdk.Context{}
+	// For tracing, take an initial snapshot so the committed state is preserved.
 	s.Snapshot()
 }
 
@@ -112,11 +114,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) Finalize() (surplus sdk.Int, err error) {
 	s.clearAccountStateIfDestructed(s.tempState)
 
 	s.flushCtxs()
-	// write all events in order
+	// write all events in order (skip [0] which is the base/committed ctx)
 	for i := 1; i < len(s.snapshottedCtxs); i++ {
 		s.flushEvents(s.snapshottedCtxs[i])
 	}
-	s.flushEvents(s.ctx)
+	if len(s.snapshottedCtxs) > 0 {
+		s.flushEvents(s.ctx)
+	}
 
 	surplus = s.tempState.surplus
 	return
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) flushCtx(ctx sdk.Context) {
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) flushEvents(ctx sdk.Context) {
-	s.snapshottedCtxs[0].EventManager().EmitEvents(ctx.EventManager().Events())
+	s.committedCtx.EventManager().EmitEvents(ctx.EventManager().Events())
 }
 
 // Backward-compatibility functions
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aac3aeaab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachekv/fast_store.go
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+package cachekv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/internal/conv"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/tracekv"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
+)
+
+// FastStore is a single-goroutine cachekv store using plain maps instead of sync.Map.
+// It MUST NOT be used from multiple goroutines concurrently.
+// Use this for snapshot stores in the giga executor path where each store is
+// owned by a single task goroutine.
+type FastStore struct {
+	cache    map[string]*types.CValue
+	deleted  map[string]struct{}
+	parent   types.KVStore
+	storeKey types.StoreKey
+}
+
+var _ types.CacheKVStore = (*FastStore)(nil)
+
+// NewFastStore creates a new FastStore backed by plain maps.
+func NewFastStore(parent types.KVStore, storeKey types.StoreKey) *FastStore {
+	return &FastStore{
+		cache:    make(map[string]*types.CValue),
+		deleted:  make(map[string]struct{}),
+		parent:   parent,
+		storeKey: storeKey,
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {
+	panic("should never attempt to get working hash from cache kv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetStoreType() types.StoreType {
+	return store.parent.GetStoreType()
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Get(key []byte) []byte {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	if cv, ok := store.cache[keyStr]; ok {
+		return cv.Value()
+	}
+	return store.parent.Get(key)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Set(key []byte, value []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	types.AssertValidValue(value)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, value, false, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Has(key []byte) bool {
+	return store.Get(key) != nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Delete(key []byte) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	store.setCacheValue(key, nil, true, true)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Write() {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(store.cache))
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		if v.Dirty() {
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, del := store.deleted[key]; del {
+			store.parent.Delete([]byte(key))
+			continue
+		}
+		if cv, ok := store.cache[key]; ok && cv.Value() != nil {
+			store.parent.Set([]byte(key), cv.Value())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Clear maps for reuse instead of creating new ones.
+	clear(store.cache)
+	clear(store.deleted)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrap(storeKey types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(store, storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) CacheWrapWithTrace(storeKey types.StoreKey, w io.Writer, tc types.TraceContext) types.CacheWrap {
+	return NewFastStore(tracekv.NewStore(store, w, tc), storeKey)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) Iterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected iterator call on fast cachekv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) ReverseIterator(start, end []byte) types.Iterator {
+	panic("unexpected reverse iterator call on fast cachekv store")
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) VersionExists(version int64) bool {
+	return store.parent.VersionExists(version)
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) setCacheValue(key, value []byte, deleted bool, dirty bool) {
+	types.AssertValidKey(key)
+	keyStr := conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(key)
+	store.cache[keyStr] = types.NewCValue(value, dirty)
+	if deleted {
+		store.deleted[keyStr] = struct{}{}
+	} else {
+		delete(store.deleted, keyStr)
+	}
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetParent() types.KVStore {
+	return store.parent
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) DeleteAll(start, end []byte) error {
+	for _, k := range store.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		store.Delete([]byte(k))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (store *FastStore) GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end []byte) (res []string) {
+	keyStrs := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, pk := range store.parent.GetAllKeyStrsInRange(start, end) {
+		keyStrs[pk] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for k, v := range store.cache {
+		kbz := []byte(k)
+		if bytes.Compare(kbz, start) < 0 || bytes.Compare(kbz, end) >= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if v.Value() == nil {
+			delete(keyStrs, k)
+		} else {
+			keyStrs[k] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	for k := range keyStrs {
+		res = append(res, k)
+	}
+	return res
+}
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index eb4f8bce05..c63b2b5477 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ type Store struct {
 	materializeOnce *sync.Once
 
 	closers []io.Closer
+
+	fast bool // when true, lazy store creation uses FastStore (plain maps)
 }
 
 var _ types.CacheMultiStore = Store{}
@@ -132,6 +134,80 @@ func newCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
 	return NewFromKVStore(cms.db, stores, gigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
 }
 
+// newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS creates a lightweight child CMS using plain-map
+// based stores instead of sync.Map-based stores. The child CMS is intended for
+// single-goroutine use only (giga executor snapshot path).
+func newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
+	// Trigger materialization of parent stores exactly like the normal path.
+	cms.materializeOnce.Do(func() {
+		cms.mu.Lock()
+		for k := range cms.parents {
+			parent := cms.parents[k]
+			var cw types.CacheWrapper = parent
+			if cms.TracingEnabled() {
+				cw = tracekv.NewStore(parent.(types.KVStore), cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
+			}
+			cms.stores[k] = cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), k, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
+			delete(cms.parents, k)
+		}
+		cms.mu.Unlock()
+	})
+
+	// Collect parent store references (read-locked since materializeOnce may
+	// be shared with concurrent callers).
+	cms.mu.RLock()
+	stores := make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper, len(cms.stores))
+	for k, v := range cms.stores {
+		stores[k] = v
+	}
+	cms.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	gigaStores := make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, len(cms.gigaStores))
+	for k, v := range cms.gigaStores {
+		gigaStores[k] = v
+	}
+
+	return newFastFromKVStore(cms.db, stores, gigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
+}
+
+// newFastFromKVStore is like NewFromKVStore but uses plain-map FastStore types
+// instead of sync.Map-based stores. Single-goroutine use only.
+func newFastFromKVStore(
+	store types.KVStore, stores map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper,
+	gigaStores map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore,
+	keys map[string]types.StoreKey, gigaKeys []types.StoreKey,
+	traceWriter io.Writer, traceContext types.TraceContext,
+) Store {
+	cms := Store{
+		db:              cachekv.NewFastStore(store, nil),
+		stores:          make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrap, len(stores)),
+		parents:         make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper, len(stores)),
+		keys:            keys,
+		gigaKeys:        gigaKeys,
+		traceWriter:     traceWriter,
+		traceContext:    traceContext,
+		mu:              &sync.RWMutex{},
+		materializeOnce: &sync.Once{},
+		fast:            true,
+	}
+
+	for key, s := range stores {
+		cms.parents[key] = s
+	}
+
+	cms.gigaStores = make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, len(gigaKeys))
+	for _, key := range gigaKeys {
+		if gigaStore, ok := gigaStores[key]; ok {
+			cms.gigaStores[key] = gigacachekv.NewFastStore(gigaStore, key)
+		} else {
+			parent := stores[key].(types.KVStore)
+			cms.gigaStores[key] = gigacachekv.NewFastStore(parent, key)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return cms
+}
+
 // getOrCreateStore lazily creates a cachekv store from its parent on first access.
 // Thread-safe: concurrent callers (e.g. slashing BeginBlocker goroutines) may
 // call GetKVStore on the same CMS simultaneously.
@@ -160,7 +236,12 @@ func (cms Store) getOrCreateStore(key types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
 	if cms.TracingEnabled() {
 		cw = tracekv.NewStore(parent.(types.KVStore), cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
 	}
-	s := cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), key, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
+	var s types.CacheWrap
+	if cms.fast {
+		s = cachekv.NewFastStore(cw.(types.KVStore), key)
+	} else {
+		s = cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), key, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
+	}
 	cms.stores[key] = s
 	delete(cms.parents, key)
 	return s
@@ -228,6 +309,13 @@ func (cms Store) CacheMultiStore() types.CacheMultiStore {
 	return newCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms)
 }
 
+// CacheMultiStoreGiga creates a lightweight CMS using plain-map stores.
+// Only safe when the returned CMS will be used by a single goroutine (e.g.
+// giga executor snapshots within a single OCC task).
+func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreGiga() types.CacheMultiStore {
+	return newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms)
+}
+
 // CacheMultiStoreWithVersion implements the MultiStore interface. It will panic
 // as an already cached multi-store cannot load previous versions.
 //

From bedd6e45436c560d3bc1c136e2fb8245671059f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 14:53:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 20/47] perf: use fast plain-map CMS in OCC scheduler
 prepareTask

Wire CacheMultiStoreGiga() into the OCC scheduler's prepareTask path
so each task iteration uses plain-map FastStore instead of sync.Map-based
stores. This reduces allocation overhead for per-task CMS creation.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 16c97e3fdb..34e20915d6 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -490,8 +490,17 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 
 	// if there are no stores, don't try to wrap, because there's nothing to wrap
 	if len(s.multiVersionStores) > 0 {
-		// non-blocking
-		cms := ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()
+		// non-blocking — use fast plain-map CMS when available (giga executor path)
+		parentMS := ctx.MultiStore()
+		var cms store.CacheMultiStore
+		type gigaCMS interface {
+			CacheMultiStoreGiga() store.CacheMultiStore
+		}
+		if gms, ok := parentMS.(gigaCMS); ok {
+			cms = gms.CacheMultiStoreGiga()
+		} else {
+			cms = parentMS.CacheMultiStore()
+		}
 
 		// init version stores by store key
 		vs := make(map[store.StoreKey]*multiversion.VersionIndexedStore)

From de0dd9cc409316a28a06f66fcea714c9e10cab31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 15:13:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 21/47] perf: hollow CMS for OCC prepareTask + GOGC=off with
 GOMEMLIMIT

Two optimizations to reduce allocation/GC overhead:

1. CacheMultiStoreForOCC: creates a hollow CMS where stores are populated
   directly from VersionIndexedStores, skipping creation of intermediate
   cachekv/FastStore instances that would be immediately discarded.

2. GOGC=off + GOMEMLIMIT=16GB during ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga: disables
   percentage-based GC trigger and uses memory-limit-based GC instead.
   GC only runs when approaching the 16GB limit, dramatically reducing
   GC frequency during the allocation-heavy OCC execution path.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 app/app.go                           | 11 ++++++
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go         | 45 ++++++++++++----------
 sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/app/app.go b/app/app.go
index 48f7fad83d..cd1e4455d0 100644
--- a/app/app.go
+++ b/app/app.go
@@ -1569,6 +1569,17 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTXsWithOCCV2(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTxs []sd
 
 // ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga runs the transactions concurrently via OCC, using the Giga executor
 func (app *App) ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTxs []sdk.Tx, absoluteTxIndices []int) ([]*abci.ExecTxResult, sdk.Context) {
+	// Disable percentage-based GC trigger and use a memory limit instead.
+	// With GOGC=off + GOMEMLIMIT, GC only runs when approaching the limit,
+	// dramatically reducing GC frequency during the allocation-heavy OCC path.
+	// The default GOGC=100 causes ~25% CPU on GC with the high allocation rate.
+	prevGOGC := debug.SetGCPercent(-1)
+	prevLimit := debug.SetMemoryLimit(16 << 30) // 16 GB soft limit
+	defer func() {
+		debug.SetMemoryLimit(prevLimit)
+		debug.SetGCPercent(prevGOGC)
+	}()
+
 	evmEntries := make([]*sdk.DeliverTxEntry, 0, len(txs))
 	v2Entries := make([]*sdk.DeliverTxEntry, 0, len(txs))
 	for txIndex, tx := range txs {
diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 34e20915d6..4170526e99 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -490,18 +490,6 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 
 	// if there are no stores, don't try to wrap, because there's nothing to wrap
 	if len(s.multiVersionStores) > 0 {
-		// non-blocking — use fast plain-map CMS when available (giga executor path)
-		parentMS := ctx.MultiStore()
-		var cms store.CacheMultiStore
-		type gigaCMS interface {
-			CacheMultiStoreGiga() store.CacheMultiStore
-		}
-		if gms, ok := parentMS.(gigaCMS); ok {
-			cms = gms.CacheMultiStoreGiga()
-		} else {
-			cms = parentMS.CacheMultiStore()
-		}
-
 		// init version stores by store key
 		vs := make(map[store.StoreKey]*multiversion.VersionIndexedStore)
 		for storeKey, mvs := range s.multiVersionStores {
@@ -510,14 +498,33 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 
 		// save off version store so we can ask it things later
 		task.VersionStores = vs
-		ms := cms.SetKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.CacheWrap {
-			return vs[k]
-		})
-		ms = ms.(store.GigaMultiStore).SetGigaKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.KVStore {
-			return vs[k]
-		})
 
-		ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+		// Try the fast OCC path: create a hollow CMS with stores populated
+		// directly from VersionIndexedStores, skipping intermediate store creation.
+		type occPreparer interface {
+			CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
+				func(store.StoreKey) store.CacheWrap,
+				func(store.StoreKey) store.KVStore,
+			) store.CacheMultiStore
+		}
+		parentMS := ctx.MultiStore()
+		if occ, ok := parentMS.(occPreparer); ok {
+			ms := occ.CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
+				func(k store.StoreKey) store.CacheWrap { return vs[k] },
+				func(k store.StoreKey) store.KVStore { return vs[k] },
+			)
+			ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+		} else {
+			// Fallback: create full CMS and replace stores
+			cms := parentMS.CacheMultiStore()
+			ms := cms.SetKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.CacheWrap {
+				return vs[k]
+			})
+			ms = ms.(store.GigaMultiStore).SetGigaKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.KVStore {
+				return vs[k]
+			})
+			ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if task.TxTracer != nil {
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index c63b2b5477..276682fe0b 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -316,6 +316,63 @@ func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreGiga() types.CacheMultiStore {
 	return newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms)
 }
 
+// CacheMultiStoreForOCC creates a hollow CMS where all stores are directly
+// provided by the caller via handler functions. Unlike CacheMultiStoreGiga,
+// this skips creating intermediate cachekv/FastStore instances, avoiding
+// allocations that would be immediately discarded when the OCC scheduler
+// replaces all stores with VersionIndexedStores.
+func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
+	kvHandler func(sk types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap,
+	gigaHandler func(sk types.StoreKey) types.KVStore,
+) types.CacheMultiStore {
+	// Trigger materialization of parent stores so we know all store keys.
+	cms.materializeOnce.Do(func() {
+		cms.mu.Lock()
+		for k := range cms.parents {
+			parent := cms.parents[k]
+			var cw types.CacheWrapper = parent
+			if cms.TracingEnabled() {
+				cw = tracekv.NewStore(parent.(types.KVStore), cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
+			}
+			cms.stores[k] = cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), k, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
+			delete(cms.parents, k)
+		}
+		cms.mu.Unlock()
+	})
+
+	// Collect all known store keys.
+	cms.mu.RLock()
+	storeKeys := make([]types.StoreKey, 0, len(cms.stores))
+	for k := range cms.stores {
+		storeKeys = append(storeKeys, k)
+	}
+	cms.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	// Build a minimal CMS with stores populated directly from handlers.
+	result := Store{
+		db:              cachekv.NewFastStore(cms.db, nil),
+		stores:          make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrap, len(storeKeys)),
+		parents:         make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper),
+		keys:            cms.keys,
+		gigaKeys:        cms.gigaKeys,
+		gigaStores:      make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, len(cms.gigaKeys)),
+		traceWriter:     cms.traceWriter,
+		traceContext:    cms.traceContext,
+		mu:              &sync.RWMutex{},
+		materializeOnce: &sync.Once{},
+		fast:            true,
+	}
+
+	for _, k := range storeKeys {
+		result.stores[k] = kvHandler(k)
+	}
+	for _, k := range cms.gigaKeys {
+		result.gigaStores[k] = gigaHandler(k)
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
 // CacheMultiStoreWithVersion implements the MultiStore interface. It will panic
 // as an already cached multi-store cannot load previous versions.
 //

From 813a98295ec503134dcd0e961351b978d30868d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 15:45:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 22/47] perf: pool EVM instances and DBImpl/TemporaryState per
 transaction

- Add EVMPool using sync.Pool to reuse vm.EVM structs across txs within
  a block (same block ctx, chain config, precompiles, interpreter).
  Uses vm.EVM.Reset() from local go-ethereum fork.
- Pool TemporaryState: reuse maps (clear instead of reallocate)
- Pool DBImpl: reuse struct and pre-allocated slices
- go.work: use local go-ethereum fork with Reset() method

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 app/app.go                      | 12 ++---
 giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 giga/executor/executor.go       | 31 ++++++++++++
 go.work                         |  2 +
 4 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/app/app.go b/app/app.go
index cd1e4455d0..d2ef306762 100644
--- a/app/app.go
+++ b/app/app.go
@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ type gigaBlockCache struct {
 	blockCtx    vm.BlockContext
 	chainConfig *ethparams.ChainConfig
 	baseFee     *big.Int
+	evmPool     *gigaexecutor.EVMPool
 }
 
 func newGigaBlockCache(ctx sdk.Context, keeper *gigaevmkeeper.Keeper) (*gigaBlockCache, error) {
@@ -338,11 +339,13 @@ func newGigaBlockCache(ctx sdk.Context, keeper *gigaevmkeeper.Keeper) (*gigaBloc
 	sstore := keeper.GetParams(ctx).SeiSstoreSetGasEip2200
 	chainConfig := evmtypes.DefaultChainConfig().EthereumConfigWithSstore(chainID, &sstore)
 	baseFee := keeper.GetBaseFee(ctx)
+	evmPool := gigaexecutor.NewEVMPool(*blockCtx, chainConfig, vm.Config{}, gigaprecompiles.AllCustomPrecompilesFailFast)
 	return &gigaBlockCache{
 		chainID:     chainID,
 		blockCtx:    *blockCtx,
 		chainConfig: chainConfig,
 		baseFee:     baseFee,
+		evmPool:     evmPool,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -1807,12 +1810,9 @@ func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgE
 	// Get gas pool (mutated per tx, cannot be cached)
 	gp := app.GigaEvmKeeper.GetGasPool()
 
-	// Use cached block-level constants
-	blockCtx := cache.blockCtx
-	cfg := cache.chainConfig
-
-	// Create Giga executor VM
-	gigaExecutor := gigaexecutor.NewGethExecutor(blockCtx, stateDB, cfg, vm.Config{}, gigaprecompiles.AllCustomPrecompilesFailFast)
+	// Get a pooled EVM executor (reuses EVM struct + interpreter + precompile maps)
+	gigaExecutor := cache.evmPool.GetExecutor(stateDB)
+	defer cache.evmPool.PutExecutor(gigaExecutor)
 
 	// Execute the transaction through giga VM
 	execResult, execErr := gigaExecutor.ExecuteTransaction(ethTx, sender, cache.baseFee, &gp)
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
index 9655fbe432..d94ddf9051 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package state
 
 import (
+	"sync"
+
 	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
@@ -12,6 +14,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/utils"
 )
 
+var tempStatePool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		return newTemporaryState()
+	},
+}
+
+var dbImplPool = sync.Pool{}
+
 // Initialized for each transaction individually
 type DBImpl struct {
 	ctx             sdk.Context
@@ -45,19 +55,35 @@ type DBImpl struct {
 
 func NewDBImpl(ctx sdk.Context, k EVMKeeper, simulation bool) *DBImpl {
 	feeCollector, _ := k.GetFeeCollectorAddress(ctx)
-	s := &DBImpl{
-		ctx:                ctx,
-		committedCtx:       ctx, // store committed state reference directly
-		k:                  k,
-		snapshottedCtxs:    []sdk.Context{},
-		coinbaseAddress:    GetCoinbaseAddress(ctx.TxIndex()),
-		simulation:         simulation,
-		tempState:          NewTemporaryState(),
-		journal:            []journalEntry{},
-		coinbaseEvmAddress: feeCollector,
+	var s *DBImpl
+	if v := dbImplPool.Get(); v != nil {
+		s = v.(*DBImpl)
+		s.ctx = ctx
+		s.committedCtx = ctx
+		s.k = k
+		s.snapshottedCtxs = s.snapshottedCtxs[:0]
+		s.coinbaseAddress = GetCoinbaseAddress(ctx.TxIndex())
+		s.coinbaseEvmAddress = feeCollector
+		s.simulation = simulation
+		s.tempState = NewTemporaryState()
+		s.journal = s.journal[:0]
+		s.err = nil
+		s.precompileErr = nil
+		s.eventsSuppressed = false
+		s.logger = nil
+	} else {
+		s = &DBImpl{
+			ctx:                ctx,
+			committedCtx:       ctx,
+			k:                  k,
+			snapshottedCtxs:    make([]sdk.Context, 0, 4),
+			coinbaseAddress:    GetCoinbaseAddress(ctx.TxIndex()),
+			simulation:         simulation,
+			tempState:          NewTemporaryState(),
+			journal:            make([]journalEntry, 0, 16),
+			coinbaseEvmAddress: feeCollector,
+		}
 	}
-	// No initial Snapshot() — committed state is accessed via committedCtx.
-	// The first real Snapshot() happens in Prepare() during EVM execution.
 	return s
 }
 
@@ -83,9 +109,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SetEVM(evm *vm.EVM) {}
 func (s *DBImpl) AddPreimage(_ common.Hash, _ []byte) {}
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Cleanup() {
-	s.tempState = nil
+	if s.tempState != nil {
+		s.tempState.release()
+		s.tempState = nil
+	}
 	s.logger = nil
-	s.snapshottedCtxs = nil
+	// Return DBImpl to pool for reuse (keep allocated slices)
+	dbImplPool.Put(s)
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) CleanupForTracer() {
@@ -252,17 +282,37 @@ type TemporaryState struct {
 	surplus               sdk.Int // in wei
 }
 
-func NewTemporaryState() *TemporaryState {
+func newTemporaryState() *TemporaryState {
 	return &TemporaryState{
-		logs:                  []*ethtypes.Log{},
+		logs:                  make([]*ethtypes.Log, 0, 4),
 		transientStates:       make(map[string]map[string]common.Hash),
 		transientAccounts:     make(map[string][]byte),
 		transientModuleStates: make(map[string][]byte),
-		transientAccessLists:  &accessList{Addresses: make(map[common.Address]int), Slots: []map[common.Hash]struct{}{}},
+		transientAccessLists:  &accessList{Addresses: make(map[common.Address]int), Slots: make([]map[common.Hash]struct{}, 0, 4)},
 		surplus:               utils.Sdk0,
 	}
 }
 
+func NewTemporaryState() *TemporaryState {
+	ts := tempStatePool.Get().(*TemporaryState)
+	ts.reset()
+	return ts
+}
+
+func (ts *TemporaryState) release() {
+	tempStatePool.Put(ts)
+}
+
+func (ts *TemporaryState) reset() {
+	ts.logs = ts.logs[:0]
+	clear(ts.transientStates)
+	clear(ts.transientAccounts)
+	clear(ts.transientModuleStates)
+	clear(ts.transientAccessLists.Addresses)
+	ts.transientAccessLists.Slots = ts.transientAccessLists.Slots[:0]
+	ts.surplus = utils.Sdk0
+}
+
 func (ts *TemporaryState) DeepCopy() *TemporaryState {
 	res := &TemporaryState{}
 	res.logs = make([]*ethtypes.Log, len(ts.logs))
diff --git a/giga/executor/executor.go b/giga/executor/executor.go
index 9722dd06af..ee4ca1fc1d 100644
--- a/giga/executor/executor.go
+++ b/giga/executor/executor.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package executor
 
 import (
 	"math/big"
+	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/evmc/v12/bindings/go/evmc"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -47,3 +48,33 @@ func (e *Executor) ExecuteTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, sender common.Addre
 
 	return executionResult, nil
 }
+
+// EVMPool pools vm.EVM instances for reuse within a single block.
+// All pooled EVMs share the same block context, chain config, and precompiles.
+type EVMPool struct {
+	pool sync.Pool
+}
+
+// NewEVMPool creates a pool of EVM instances pre-configured for the given block.
+func NewEVMPool(blockCtx vm.BlockContext, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, config vm.Config, customPrecompiles map[common.Address]vm.PrecompiledContract) *EVMPool {
+	return &EVMPool{
+		pool: sync.Pool{
+			New: func() interface{} {
+				return vm.NewEVM(blockCtx, nil, chainConfig, config, customPrecompiles)
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// GetExecutor obtains a pooled EVM, resets it for the given stateDB, and
+// returns an Executor wrapping it. Call PutExecutor when done.
+func (p *EVMPool) GetExecutor(stateDB vm.StateDB) *Executor {
+	evm := p.pool.Get().(*vm.EVM)
+	evm.Reset(stateDB)
+	return &Executor{evm: evm}
+}
+
+// PutExecutor returns the EVM to the pool for reuse.
+func (p *EVMPool) PutExecutor(e *Executor) {
+	p.pool.Put(e.evm)
+}
diff --git a/go.work b/go.work
index f719abc0e5..3f66249f1b 100644
--- a/go.work
+++ b/go.work
@@ -4,3 +4,5 @@ use (
 	.
 	./sei-cosmos
 )
+
+replace github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum => ../go-ethereum

From de1468c84de3ba6e4608b63df16e07daf1111843 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 15:53:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 23/47] perf: lazy store creation in Snapshot CMS (skip eager
 materialization)

newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS was eagerly materializing all parent
stores via cachekv.NewStore for ~50 store keys on every Snapshot,
even though only 3-4 stores are accessed per EVM transaction.

Now passes both stores and parents through to the child CMS,
letting getOrCreateStore create FastStore wrappers lazily on demand.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go | 35 ++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index 276682fe0b..c447438025 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -137,28 +137,23 @@ func newCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
 // newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS creates a lightweight child CMS using plain-map
 // based stores instead of sync.Map-based stores. The child CMS is intended for
 // single-goroutine use only (giga executor snapshot path).
+//
+// Stores are created lazily: only when actually accessed by the transaction.
+// This avoids allocating ~50 cachekv/FastStore wrappers per Snapshot when
+// only 3-4 stores are typically touched.
 func newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
-	// Trigger materialization of parent stores exactly like the normal path.
-	cms.materializeOnce.Do(func() {
-		cms.mu.Lock()
-		for k := range cms.parents {
-			parent := cms.parents[k]
-			var cw types.CacheWrapper = parent
-			if cms.TracingEnabled() {
-				cw = tracekv.NewStore(parent.(types.KVStore), cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
-			}
-			cms.stores[k] = cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), k, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
-			delete(cms.parents, k)
-		}
-		cms.mu.Unlock()
-	})
-
-	// Collect parent store references (read-locked since materializeOnce may
-	// be shared with concurrent callers).
+	// Collect both materialized stores and unmaterialized parents as parents
+	// for the child CMS. The child's getOrCreateStore will create FastStores
+	// lazily on demand, avoiding the cost of eagerly creating wrappers for
+	// all ~50 store keys.
 	cms.mu.RLock()
-	stores := make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper, len(cms.stores))
+	parentCount := len(cms.stores) + len(cms.parents)
+	parents := make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper, parentCount)
 	for k, v := range cms.stores {
-		stores[k] = v
+		parents[k] = v
+	}
+	for k, v := range cms.parents {
+		parents[k] = v
 	}
 	cms.mu.RUnlock()
 
@@ -167,7 +162,7 @@ func newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
 		gigaStores[k] = v
 	}
 
-	return newFastFromKVStore(cms.db, stores, gigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
+	return newFastFromKVStore(cms.db, parents, gigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
 }
 
 // newFastFromKVStore is like NewFromKVStore but uses plain-map FastStore types

From 5013373532e62a94742a418358730b3d18f00cd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 16:06:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 24/47] perf: replace mutex-protected LRU with sync.Map for
 AccAddress.String()

AccAddress.String() uses a global sync.Mutex to protect an LRU cache.
With 24 OCC workers calling it concurrently, this caused 35s of mutex
delay per 30s profile sample (8% of total mutex contention).

Replace with sync.Map which provides lock-free concurrent reads.
Trade-off: no LRU eviction (cache grows unbounded), but the number of
unique addresses is bounded by accounts on chain.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/types/address.go | 38 +++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/address.go b/sei-cosmos/types/address.go
index 2761eb68d8..3ea081ef49 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/address.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/address.go
@@ -77,21 +77,20 @@ const (
 var (
 	// AccAddress.String() is expensive and if unoptimized dominantly showed up in profiles,
 	// yet has no mechanisms to trivially cache the result given that AccAddress is a []byte type.
-	accAddrMu     sync.Mutex
-	accAddrCache  *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
-	consAddrMu    sync.Mutex
-	consAddrCache *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
-	valAddrMu     sync.Mutex
-	valAddrCache  *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
+	//
+	// accAddrCacheMap uses sync.Map for lock-free concurrent reads. This eliminates
+	// the mutex contention that was causing ~35s of delay with 24 OCC workers.
+	// Trade-off: no LRU eviction (grows unbounded), but in practice the number of
+	// unique addresses is bounded by the number of accounts on chain.
+	accAddrCacheMap sync.Map
+	consAddrMu      sync.Mutex
+	consAddrCache   *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
+	valAddrMu       sync.Mutex
+	valAddrCache    *simplelru.LRU[string, string]
 )
 
 func init() {
 	var err error
-	// in total the cache size is 61k entries. Key is 32 bytes and value is around 50-70 bytes.
-	// That will make around 92 * 61k * 2 (LRU) bytes ~ 11 MB
-	if accAddrCache, err = simplelru.NewLRU[string, string](60000, nil); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
 	if consAddrCache, err = simplelru.NewLRU[string, string](500, nil); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -276,14 +275,17 @@ func (aa AccAddress) String() string {
 		return ""
 	}
 
-	var key = conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(aa)
-	accAddrMu.Lock()
-	defer accAddrMu.Unlock()
-	addr, ok := accAddrCache.Get(key)
-	if ok {
-		return addr
+	key := conv.UnsafeBytesToStr(aa)
+	if v, ok := accAddrCacheMap.Load(key); ok {
+		return v.(string)
 	}
-	return cacheBech32Addr(GetConfig().GetBech32AccountAddrPrefix(), aa, accAddrCache, key)
+	bech32Addr, err := bech32.ConvertAndEncode(GetConfig().GetBech32AccountAddrPrefix(), aa)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	// Store with a safe copy of the key (UnsafeBytesToStr shares underlying array)
+	accAddrCacheMap.Store(string(aa), bech32Addr)
+	return bech32Addr
 }
 
 // Format implements the fmt.Formatter interface.

From fa8e034226873393aba7c2b9f28363c19fd158a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 16:18:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 25/47] perf: replace select with range in OCC scheduler worker
 loop

The worker goroutines used select{} with ctx.Done() + work channel,
causing massive lock contention: each select call locks BOTH channels,
and with 24+ workers competing this consumed 28% CPU on lock2+selectgo.

The ctx.Done() case was only used for cleanup when ProcessAll returns,
never during actual work processing. Replace with for-range over the
work channel and close channels when done. This eliminates selectgo
entirely and halves lock contention (1 channel lock instead of 2).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go | 20 +++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 4170526e99..4629d2ca16 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package tasks
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
@@ -132,16 +131,11 @@ func (s *scheduler) invalidateTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 	}
 }
 
-func start(ctx context.Context, ch chan func(), workers int) {
+func start(ch chan func(), workers int) {
 	for i := 0; i < workers; i++ {
 		go func() {
-			for {
-				select {
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					return
-				case work := <-ch:
-					work()
-				}
+			for work := range ch {
+				work()
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -291,14 +285,14 @@ func (s *scheduler) ProcessAll(ctx sdk.Context, reqs []*sdk.DeliverTxEntry) ([]t
 		workers = len(tasks)
 	}
 
-	workerCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx.Context())
-	defer cancel()
+	defer close(s.executeCh)
+	defer close(s.validateCh)
 
 	// execution tasks are limited by workers
-	start(workerCtx, s.executeCh, workers)
+	start(s.executeCh, workers)
 
 	// validation tasks uses length of tasks to avoid blocking on validation
-	start(workerCtx, s.validateCh, len(tasks))
+	start(s.validateCh, len(tasks))
 
 	toExecute := tasks
 	for !allValidated(tasks) {

From 8e0f2595dade72cdf4d3d9fd8e0affe7019e880f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 16:28:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 26/47] perf: lazy VersionIndexedStore creation in OCC
 prepareTask

Previously, prepareTask eagerly created a VersionIndexedStore for every
store key (~30+) even though EVM transactions only access 3-4 stores.
Each VersionIndexedStore allocates readset/writeset maps, so this wasted
~5GB of allocations per 30s benchmark.

Now VersionIndexedStores are created lazily on first access via handler
callbacks stored in the CMS. The CacheMultiStoreForOCC no longer eagerly
calls handlers for all keys - stores are materialized by getOrCreateStore
and GetGigaKVStore only when accessed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go         | 31 ++++++---
 sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go | 94 +++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 4629d2ca16..64619e025a 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -484,17 +484,27 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 
 	// if there are no stores, don't try to wrap, because there's nothing to wrap
 	if len(s.multiVersionStores) > 0 {
-		// init version stores by store key
-		vs := make(map[store.StoreKey]*multiversion.VersionIndexedStore)
-		for storeKey, mvs := range s.multiVersionStores {
-			vs[storeKey] = mvs.VersionedIndexedStore(task.AbsoluteIndex, task.Incarnation, abortCh)
+		// Lazy VersionIndexedStore creation: only create stores that are
+		// actually accessed during tx execution (typically 3-4 out of ~30).
+		vs := make(map[store.StoreKey]*multiversion.VersionIndexedStore, 8)
+		getOrCreateVS := func(k store.StoreKey) *multiversion.VersionIndexedStore {
+			if v, ok := vs[k]; ok {
+				return v
+			}
+			mvs, ok := s.multiVersionStores[k]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil
+			}
+			v := mvs.VersionedIndexedStore(task.AbsoluteIndex, task.Incarnation, abortCh)
+			vs[k] = v
+			return v
 		}
 
-		// save off version store so we can ask it things later
+		// save off version store map so we can ask it things later
 		task.VersionStores = vs
 
 		// Try the fast OCC path: create a hollow CMS with stores populated
-		// directly from VersionIndexedStores, skipping intermediate store creation.
+		// lazily from VersionIndexedStores on first access.
 		type occPreparer interface {
 			CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
 				func(store.StoreKey) store.CacheWrap,
@@ -504,12 +514,15 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 		parentMS := ctx.MultiStore()
 		if occ, ok := parentMS.(occPreparer); ok {
 			ms := occ.CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
-				func(k store.StoreKey) store.CacheWrap { return vs[k] },
-				func(k store.StoreKey) store.KVStore { return vs[k] },
+				func(k store.StoreKey) store.CacheWrap { return getOrCreateVS(k) },
+				func(k store.StoreKey) store.KVStore { return getOrCreateVS(k) },
 			)
 			ctx = ctx.WithMultiStore(ms)
 		} else {
-			// Fallback: create full CMS and replace stores
+			// Fallback: eagerly create all stores
+			for storeKey, mvs := range s.multiVersionStores {
+				vs[storeKey] = mvs.VersionedIndexedStore(task.AbsoluteIndex, task.Incarnation, abortCh)
+			}
 			cms := parentMS.CacheMultiStore()
 			ms := cms.SetKVStores(func(k store.StoreKey, kvs sdk.KVStore) store.CacheWrap {
 				return vs[k]
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index c447438025..8cdbbc327f 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -39,6 +39,12 @@ type Store struct {
 	closers []io.Closer
 
 	fast bool // when true, lazy store creation uses FastStore (plain maps)
+
+	// Lazy OCC handlers: when set, stores/gigaStores are created on-demand
+	// rather than eagerly for all keys. Only stores actually accessed during
+	// transaction execution are materialized.
+	kvHandler   func(types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap
+	gigaHandler func(types.StoreKey) types.KVStore
 }
 
 var _ types.CacheMultiStore = Store{}
@@ -223,6 +229,16 @@ func (cms Store) getOrCreateStore(key types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap {
 	if s, ok := cms.stores[key]; ok {
 		return s
 	}
+
+	// OCC lazy handler path: create VersionIndexedStore on demand.
+	if cms.kvHandler != nil {
+		s := cms.kvHandler(key)
+		if s != nil {
+			cms.stores[key] = s
+		}
+		return s
+	}
+
 	parent, ok := cms.parents[key]
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -311,42 +327,17 @@ func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreGiga() types.CacheMultiStore {
 	return newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms)
 }
 
-// CacheMultiStoreForOCC creates a hollow CMS where all stores are directly
-// provided by the caller via handler functions. Unlike CacheMultiStoreGiga,
-// this skips creating intermediate cachekv/FastStore instances, avoiding
-// allocations that would be immediately discarded when the OCC scheduler
-// replaces all stores with VersionIndexedStores.
+// CacheMultiStoreForOCC creates a hollow CMS where stores are created lazily
+// on first access via the provided handler functions. Unlike the previous
+// eager approach, this avoids creating VersionIndexedStores for all ~30 store
+// keys when only 3-4 are actually accessed per EVM transaction.
 func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
 	kvHandler func(sk types.StoreKey) types.CacheWrap,
 	gigaHandler func(sk types.StoreKey) types.KVStore,
 ) types.CacheMultiStore {
-	// Trigger materialization of parent stores so we know all store keys.
-	cms.materializeOnce.Do(func() {
-		cms.mu.Lock()
-		for k := range cms.parents {
-			parent := cms.parents[k]
-			var cw types.CacheWrapper = parent
-			if cms.TracingEnabled() {
-				cw = tracekv.NewStore(parent.(types.KVStore), cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
-			}
-			cms.stores[k] = cachekv.NewStore(cw.(types.KVStore), k, types.DefaultCacheSizeLimit)
-			delete(cms.parents, k)
-		}
-		cms.mu.Unlock()
-	})
-
-	// Collect all known store keys.
-	cms.mu.RLock()
-	storeKeys := make([]types.StoreKey, 0, len(cms.stores))
-	for k := range cms.stores {
-		storeKeys = append(storeKeys, k)
-	}
-	cms.mu.RUnlock()
-
-	// Build a minimal CMS with stores populated directly from handlers.
-	result := Store{
+	return Store{
 		db:              cachekv.NewFastStore(cms.db, nil),
-		stores:          make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrap, len(storeKeys)),
+		stores:          make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrap, 8),
 		parents:         make(map[types.StoreKey]types.CacheWrapper),
 		keys:            cms.keys,
 		gigaKeys:        cms.gigaKeys,
@@ -356,16 +347,9 @@ func (cms Store) CacheMultiStoreForOCC(
 		mu:              &sync.RWMutex{},
 		materializeOnce: &sync.Once{},
 		fast:            true,
+		kvHandler:       kvHandler,
+		gigaHandler:     gigaHandler,
 	}
-
-	for _, k := range storeKeys {
-		result.stores[k] = kvHandler(k)
-	}
-	for _, k := range cms.gigaKeys {
-		result.gigaStores[k] = gigaHandler(k)
-	}
-
-	return result
 }
 
 // CacheMultiStoreWithVersion implements the MultiStore interface. It will panic
@@ -397,15 +381,37 @@ func (cms Store) GetKVStore(key types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
 
 func (cms Store) GetGigaKVStore(key types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
 	store := cms.gigaStores[key]
-	if key == nil || store == nil {
+	if store != nil {
+		return store
+	}
+	// Lazy OCC handler path: create on demand.
+	if cms.gigaHandler != nil {
+		s := cms.gigaHandler(key)
+		if s != nil {
+			cms.gigaStores[key] = s
+			return s
+		}
+	}
+	if key == nil {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("giga kv store with key %v has not been registered in stores", key))
 	}
-	return store
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("giga kv store with key %v has not been registered in stores", key))
 }
 
 func (cms Store) IsStoreGiga(key types.StoreKey) bool {
-	_, ok := cms.gigaStores[key]
-	return ok
+	if _, ok := cms.gigaStores[key]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+	// With lazy OCC stores, gigaStores may not be populated yet.
+	// Check gigaKeys list if a gigaHandler is set.
+	if cms.gigaHandler != nil {
+		for _, gk := range cms.gigaKeys {
+			if gk == key {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
 }
 
 func (cms Store) GetWorkingHash() ([]byte, error) {

From 230efffe10798d9c3643851c4b1bd5fd14c12f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 16:35:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 27/47] perf: skip gaskv wrapping in giga executor path

The giga executor uses infinite gas metering, making the gaskv.NewStore
wrapper a pure allocation overhead (~3.34GB/30s). Add WithSkipGasKV() on
Context that causes KVStore() and TransientStore() to return the raw
store without the gaskv wrapper. Set this flag in executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 app/app.go                  |  5 +++--
 sei-cosmos/types/context.go | 15 +++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/app/app.go b/app/app.go
index d2ef306762..a50302227e 100644
--- a/app/app.go
+++ b/app/app.go
@@ -1800,8 +1800,9 @@ func (app *App) executeEVMTxWithGigaExecutor(ctx sdk.Context, msg *evmtypes.MsgE
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Prepare context for EVM transaction (set infinite gas meter like original flow)
-	ctx = ctx.WithGasMeter(sdk.NewInfiniteGasMeterWithMultiplier(ctx))
+	// Prepare context for EVM transaction (set infinite gas meter like original flow).
+	// Skip gaskv wrapping since gas metering is infinite - saves ~3GB allocs per 30s.
+	ctx = ctx.WithGasMeter(sdk.NewInfiniteGasMeterWithMultiplier(ctx)).WithSkipGasKV()
 
 	// Create state DB for this transaction
 	stateDB := gigaevmstate.NewDBImpl(ctx, &app.GigaEvmKeeper, false)
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/context.go b/sei-cosmos/types/context.go
index 907d16eb50..0a98c9760e 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/context.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/context.go
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ type Context struct {
 
 	isTracing   bool
 	storeTracer gaskv.IStoreTracer
+
+	skipGasKV bool // skip gaskv wrapping in KVStore() (used by giga executor with infinite gas)
 }
 
 // Proposed rename, not done to avoid API breakage
@@ -357,6 +359,13 @@ func (c Context) WithGasMeter(meter GasMeter) Context {
 	return c
 }
 
+// WithSkipGasKV returns a Context that bypasses gaskv wrapping in KVStore().
+// Use this in hot paths like the giga executor where gas metering is infinite.
+func (c Context) WithSkipGasKV() Context {
+	c.skipGasKV = true
+	return c
+}
+
 // WithGasEstimate returns a Context with an updated gas estimate.
 func (c Context) WithGasEstimate(gasEstimate uint64) Context {
 	c.gasEstimate = gasEstimate
@@ -533,6 +542,9 @@ func (c Context) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
 
 // KVStore fetches a KVStore from the MultiStore.
 func (c Context) KVStore(key StoreKey) KVStore {
+	if c.skipGasKV {
+		return c.MultiStore().GetKVStore(key)
+	}
 	if c.isTracing {
 		if _, ok := c.nextStoreKeys[key.Name()]; ok {
 			return gaskv.NewStore(c.nextMs.GetKVStore(key), c.GasMeter(), stypes.KVGasConfig(), key.Name(), c.StoreTracer())
@@ -547,6 +559,9 @@ func (c Context) GigaKVStore(key StoreKey) KVStore {
 
 // TransientStore fetches a TransientStore from the MultiStore.
 func (c Context) TransientStore(key StoreKey) KVStore {
+	if c.skipGasKV {
+		return c.MultiStore().GetKVStore(key)
+	}
 	if c.isTracing {
 		if _, ok := c.nextStoreKeys[key.Name()]; ok {
 			return gaskv.NewStore(c.nextMs.GetKVStore(key), c.GasMeter(), stypes.TransientGasConfig(), key.Name(), c.StoreTracer())

From 63f270f6102ae814e4dc14508cf08db9e2e92da5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 16:39:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 28/47] perf: reduce validation workers from len(tasks) to
 workers count

Creating 1000 goroutines per block for validation causes significant
scheduling overhead (goroutine creation/destruction, stack allocation).
Validation is lightweight (readset comparison), so matching the execution
worker count (24) is sufficient. The buffered channel ensures all
validation work items can be enqueued without blocking.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 64619e025a..0ae233f33b 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -291,8 +291,10 @@ func (s *scheduler) ProcessAll(ctx sdk.Context, reqs []*sdk.DeliverTxEntry) ([]t
 	// execution tasks are limited by workers
 	start(s.executeCh, workers)
 
-	// validation tasks uses length of tasks to avoid blocking on validation
-	start(s.validateCh, len(tasks))
+	// validation workers: match execution workers instead of len(tasks).
+	// Validation is lightweight (readset comparison), and creating 1000
+	// goroutines per block causes significant scheduling overhead.
+	start(s.validateCh, workers)
 
 	toExecute := tasks
 	for !allValidated(tasks) {

From 41696eb7247c38102934a3da7d98c31953d79797 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 16:55:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 29/47] perf: per-task EventManager in OCC scheduler

All OCC tasks shared the parent context's EventManager, causing 24
worker goroutines to fight over a single RWMutex for every EmitEvent
call. This accounted for ~60% of all mutex contention (25.4s/41.8s).

Create a fresh EventManager per task in prepareTask() to eliminate
cross-task contention entirely.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 0ae233f33b..0d2dddd367 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -476,7 +476,10 @@ func (s *scheduler) traceSpan(ctx sdk.Context, name string, task *deliverTxTask)
 
 // prepareTask initializes the context and version stores for a task
 func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
-	ctx := task.Ctx.WithTxIndex(task.AbsoluteIndex)
+	// Each task gets its own EventManager to avoid contention on the shared
+	// parent context's EventManager. Without this, all 24 worker goroutines
+	// fight over a single RWMutex for every EmitEvent call (~60% of mutex contention).
+	ctx := task.Ctx.WithTxIndex(task.AbsoluteIndex).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
 
 	_, span := s.traceSpan(ctx, "SchedulerPrepare", task)
 	defer span.End()

From 6bc304609d4ed2846d46211e46f957fa774c48a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 17:04:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 30/47] perf: noop EventManager for OCC tasks

Events emitted during OCC task execution are never collected into the
response (Events field is nil in giga executor results). Replace the
per-task EventManager with a noop version that discards all events,
eliminating ~8.4GB of allocations per 30s (MarkEventsToIndex 3.48GB +
NewEvent 3.56GB + AppendEvent 1.35GB) and their associated GC pressure.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go |  8 ++++----
 sei-cosmos/types/events.go   | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 0d2dddd367..b6022f3720 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -476,10 +476,10 @@ func (s *scheduler) traceSpan(ctx sdk.Context, name string, task *deliverTxTask)
 
 // prepareTask initializes the context and version stores for a task
 func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
-	// Each task gets its own EventManager to avoid contention on the shared
-	// parent context's EventManager. Without this, all 24 worker goroutines
-	// fight over a single RWMutex for every EmitEvent call (~60% of mutex contention).
-	ctx := task.Ctx.WithTxIndex(task.AbsoluteIndex).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	// Each task gets a noop EventManager: events emitted during OCC execution
+	// are never collected into the response, so we skip all event allocation
+	// and lock contention entirely (~8.4GB allocs + 60% of mutex contention).
+	ctx := task.Ctx.WithTxIndex(task.AbsoluteIndex).WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 
 	_, span := s.traceSpan(ctx, "SchedulerPrepare", task)
 	defer span.End()
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
index 2317720a9c..fc9ad25747 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ import (
 type EventManager struct {
 	events Events
 
-	mtx sync.RWMutex
+	mtx  sync.RWMutex
+	noop bool // when true, all emit operations are no-ops (used for OCC tasks where events aren't collected)
 }
 
 // Common Event Types and Attributes
@@ -55,11 +56,20 @@ func NewEventManager() *EventManager {
 	return &em
 }
 
+// NewNoopEventManager creates an EventManager that discards all events.
+// Used in OCC task execution where events are never collected into the response.
+func NewNoopEventManager() *EventManager {
+	return &EventManager{noop: true}
+}
+
 func (em *EventManager) Events() Events { return em.events }
 
 // EmitEvent stores a single Event object.
 // Deprecated: Use EmitTypedEvent
 func (em *EventManager) EmitEvent(event Event) {
+	if em.noop {
+		return
+	}
 	em.mtx.Lock()
 	defer em.mtx.Unlock()
 	em.events = em.events.AppendEvent(event)
@@ -68,6 +78,9 @@ func (em *EventManager) EmitEvent(event Event) {
 // EmitEvents stores a series of Event objects.
 // Deprecated: Use EmitTypedEvents
 func (em *EventManager) EmitEvents(events Events) {
+	if em.noop {
+		return
+	}
 	em.mtx.Lock()
 	defer em.mtx.Unlock()
 	em.events = em.events.AppendEvents(events)
@@ -82,6 +95,9 @@ func (em *EventManager) ABCIEvents() []abci.Event {
 
 // EmitTypedEvent takes typed event and emits converting it into Event
 func (em *EventManager) EmitTypedEvent(tev proto.Message) error {
+	if em.noop {
+		return nil
+	}
 	event, err := TypedEventToEvent(tev)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -93,6 +109,9 @@ func (em *EventManager) EmitTypedEvent(tev proto.Message) error {
 
 // EmitTypedEvents takes series of typed events and emit
 func (em *EventManager) EmitTypedEvents(tevs ...proto.Message) error {
+	if em.noop {
+		return nil
+	}
 	events := make(Events, len(tevs))
 	for i, tev := range tevs {
 		res, err := TypedEventToEvent(tev)

From 1e75e4aa20455ed4f8aa8585cc872d918c096773 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 20:06:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 31/47] perf: replace per-tx sync.Map with pre-allocated slices
 in multiversion store

The multiversion store used three sync.Map instances per store for
txWritesetKeys, txReadSets, and txIterateSets (keyed by integer tx
indices). With ~30 stores per block, this created ~90 sync.Map objects
whose internal hash-trie nodes (newIndirectNode, newEntryNode) drove
significant allocation overhead.

Replace these with pre-allocated slices sized to the tx count, eliminating
all sync.Map overhead for per-tx metadata. The giga scheduler now passes
the max absolute index to NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount for upfront
allocation. A growSlices fallback handles the V2 scheduler and test paths.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go           |  16 ++-
 sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go | 132 +++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index b6022f3720..66a33a9a92 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ func (s *scheduler) collectResponses(tasks []*deliverTxTask) []types.ResponseDel
 	return res
 }
 
-func (s *scheduler) tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx sdk.Context) {
+func (s *scheduler) tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx sdk.Context, txCount int) {
 	if s.multiVersionStores != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ func (s *scheduler) tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx sdk.Context) {
 	keys := ctx.MultiStore().StoreKeys()
 	for _, sk := range keys {
 		if ctx.GigaMultiStore().IsStoreGiga(sk) {
-			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStore(ctx.GigaKVStore(sk))
+			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(ctx.GigaKVStore(sk), txCount)
 		} else {
-			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStore(ctx.MultiStore().GetKVStore(sk))
+			mvs[sk] = multiversion.NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(ctx.MultiStore().GetKVStore(sk), txCount)
 		}
 	}
 	s.multiVersionStores = mvs
@@ -270,9 +270,15 @@ func (s *scheduler) emitMetrics() {
 func (s *scheduler) ProcessAll(ctx sdk.Context, reqs []*sdk.DeliverTxEntry) ([]types.ResponseDeliverTx, error) {
 	startTime := time.Now()
 	var iterations int
-	// initialize mutli-version stores if they haven't been initialized yet
-	s.tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx)
 	tasks, tasksMap := toTasks(reqs)
+	// Compute max absolute index for pre-allocating per-tx slices in multiversion stores
+	maxIdx := 0
+	for _, t := range tasks {
+		if t.AbsoluteIndex > maxIdx {
+			maxIdx = t.AbsoluteIndex
+		}
+	}
+	s.tryInitMultiVersionStore(ctx, maxIdx+1)
 	s.allTasks = tasks
 	s.allTasksMap = tasksMap
 	s.executeCh = make(chan func(), len(tasks))
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index 693be21ec5..31bb9c7a10 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -40,27 +40,46 @@ var _ MultiVersionStore = (*Store)(nil)
 type Store struct {
 	// map that stores the key string -> MultiVersionValue mapping for accessing from a given key
 	multiVersionMap *sync.Map
-	// TODO: do we need to support iterators as well similar to how cachekv does it - yes
 
-	txWritesetKeys *sync.Map // map of tx index -> writeset keys []string
-	txReadSets     *sync.Map // map of tx index -> readset ReadSet
-	txIterateSets  *sync.Map // map of tx index -> iterateset Iterateset
+	// Per-tx data indexed by tx absolute index. Pre-allocated as slices
+	// instead of sync.Map to avoid internal hash-trie node allocations
+	// (~90 sync.Map instances eliminated per block across all stores).
+	txWritesetKeys [][]string   // tx index -> writeset keys
+	txReadSets     []ReadSet    // tx index -> readset
+	txIterateSets  []Iterateset // tx index -> iterateset
 
 	parentStore types.KVStore
 }
 
 func NewMultiVersionStore(parentStore types.KVStore) *Store {
+	return NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore, 0)
+}
+
+func NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore types.KVStore, txCount int) *Store {
 	return &Store{
 		multiVersionMap: &sync.Map{},
-		txWritesetKeys:  &sync.Map{},
-		txReadSets:      &sync.Map{},
-		txIterateSets:   &sync.Map{},
+		txWritesetKeys:  make([][]string, txCount),
+		txReadSets:      make([]ReadSet, txCount),
+		txIterateSets:   make([]Iterateset, txCount),
 		parentStore:     parentStore,
 	}
 }
 
+// growSlices ensures per-tx slices can hold index. Called only on the
+// fallback path when NewMultiVersionStore was used without a tx count.
+func (s *Store) growSlices(index int) {
+	need := index + 1
+	if need <= len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		return
+	}
+	s.txWritesetKeys = append(s.txWritesetKeys, make([][]string, need-len(s.txWritesetKeys))...)
+	s.txReadSets = append(s.txReadSets, make([]ReadSet, need-len(s.txReadSets))...)
+	s.txIterateSets = append(s.txIterateSets, make([]Iterateset, need-len(s.txIterateSets))...)
+}
+
 // VersionedIndexedStore creates a new versioned index store for a given incarnation and transaction index
 func (s *Store) VersionedIndexedStore(index int, incarnation int, abortChannel chan occ.Abort) *VersionIndexedStore {
+	s.growSlices(index)
 	return NewVersionIndexedStore(s.parentStore, s, index, incarnation, abortChannel)
 }
 
@@ -116,9 +135,12 @@ func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 		writeset = newWriteSet
 	}
 	// if there is already a writeset existing, we should remove that fully
-	oldKeys, loaded := s.txWritesetKeys.LoadAndDelete(index)
-	if loaded {
-		keys := oldKeys.([]string)
+	if index >= len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		return
+	}
+	keys := s.txWritesetKeys[index]
+	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = nil
+	if keys != nil {
 		// we need to delete all of the keys in the writeset from the multiversion store
 		for _, key := range keys {
 			// small optimization to check if the new writeset is going to write this key, if so, we can leave it behind
@@ -138,9 +160,8 @@ func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 }
 
 // SetWriteset sets a writeset for a transaction index, and also writes all of the multiversion items in the writeset to the multiversion store.
-// TODO: returns a list of NEW keys added
 func (s *Store) SetWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
-	// TODO: add telemetry spans
+	s.growSlices(index)
 	// remove old writeset if it exists
 	s.removeOldWriteset(index, writeset)
 
@@ -150,39 +171,37 @@ func (s *Store) SetWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
 		loadVal, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
 		mvVal := loadVal.(MultiVersionValue)
 		if value == nil {
-			// delete if nil value
-			// TODO: sync map
 			mvVal.Delete(index, incarnation)
 		} else {
 			mvVal.Set(index, incarnation, value)
 		}
 	}
-	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys) // TODO: if we're sorting here anyways, maybe we just put it into a btree instead of a slice
-	s.txWritesetKeys.Store(index, writeSetKeys)
+	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys)
+	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = writeSetKeys
 }
 
 // InvalidateWriteset iterates over the keys for the given index and incarnation writeset and replaces with ESTIMATEs
 func (s *Store) InvalidateWriteset(index int, incarnation int) {
-	keysAny, found := s.txWritesetKeys.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		return
+	}
+	keys := s.txWritesetKeys[index]
+	if keys == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	keys := keysAny.([]string)
 	for _, key := range keys {
-		// invalidate all of the writeset items - is this suboptimal? - we could potentially do concurrently if slow because locking is on an item specific level
 		val, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem())
 		val.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
-	// we leave the writeset in place because we'll need it for key removal later if/when we replace with a new writeset
 }
 
 // SetEstimatedWriteset is used to directly write estimates instead of writing a writeset and later invalidating
 func (s *Store) SetEstimatedWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
+	s.growSlices(index)
 	// remove old writeset if it exists
 	s.removeOldWriteset(index, writeset)
 
 	writeSetKeys := make([]string, 0, len(writeset))
-	// still need to save the writeset so we can remove the elements later:
 	for key := range writeset {
 		writeSetKeys = append(writeSetKeys, key)
 
@@ -190,53 +209,54 @@ func (s *Store) SetEstimatedWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteS
 		mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
 	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys)
-	s.txWritesetKeys.Store(index, writeSetKeys)
+	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = writeSetKeys
 }
 
 // GetAllWritesetKeys implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetAllWritesetKeys() map[int][]string {
 	writesetKeys := make(map[int][]string)
-	// TODO: is this safe?
-	s.txWritesetKeys.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
-		index := key.(int)
-		keys := value.([]string)
-		writesetKeys[index] = keys
-		return true
-	})
-
+	for i, keys := range s.txWritesetKeys {
+		if keys != nil {
+			writesetKeys[i] = keys
+		}
+	}
 	return writesetKeys
 }
 
 func (s *Store) SetReadset(index int, readset ReadSet) {
-	s.txReadSets.Store(index, readset)
+	s.growSlices(index)
+	s.txReadSets[index] = readset
 }
 
 func (s *Store) GetReadset(index int) ReadSet {
-	readsetAny, found := s.txReadSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txReadSets) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return readsetAny.(ReadSet)
+	return s.txReadSets[index]
 }
 
 func (s *Store) SetIterateset(index int, iterateset Iterateset) {
-	s.txIterateSets.Store(index, iterateset)
+	s.growSlices(index)
+	s.txIterateSets[index] = iterateset
 }
 
 func (s *Store) GetIterateset(index int) Iterateset {
-	iteratesetAny, found := s.txIterateSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txIterateSets) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return iteratesetAny.(Iterateset)
+	return s.txIterateSets[index]
 }
 
 func (s *Store) ClearReadset(index int) {
-	s.txReadSets.Delete(index)
+	if index < len(s.txReadSets) {
+		s.txReadSets[index] = nil
+	}
 }
 
 func (s *Store) ClearIterateset(index int) {
-	s.txIterateSets.Delete(index)
+	if index < len(s.txIterateSets) {
+		s.txIterateSets[index] = nil
+	}
 }
 
 // CollectIteratorItems implements MultiVersionStore. It will return a memDB containing all of the keys present in the multiversion store within the iteration range prior to (exclusive of) the index.
@@ -244,15 +264,16 @@ func (s *Store) CollectIteratorItems(index int) *db.MemDB {
 	sortedItems := db.NewMemDB()
 
 	// get all writeset keys prior to index
-	for i := 0; i < index; i++ {
-		writesetAny, found := s.txWritesetKeys.Load(i)
-		if !found {
+	limit := index
+	if limit > len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
+		limit = len(s.txWritesetKeys)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < limit; i++ {
+		indexedWriteset := s.txWritesetKeys[i]
+		if indexedWriteset == nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		indexedWriteset := writesetAny.([]string)
-		// TODO: do we want to exclude keys out of the range or just let the iterator handle it?
 		for _, key := range indexedWriteset {
-			// TODO: inefficient because (logn) for each key + rebalancing? maybe theres a better way to add to a tree to reduce rebalancing overhead
 			sortedItems.Set([]byte(key), []byte{})
 		}
 	}
@@ -319,13 +340,14 @@ func (s *Store) validateIterator(index int, tracker iterationTracker) bool {
 
 func (s *Store) checkIteratorAtIndex(index int) bool {
 	valid := true
-	iterateSetAny, found := s.txIterateSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txIterateSets) {
+		return true
+	}
+	iterateset := s.txIterateSets[index]
+	if iterateset == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	iterateset := iterateSetAny.(Iterateset)
 	for _, iterationTracker := range iterateset {
-		// TODO: if the value of the key is nil maybe we need to exclude it? - actually it should
 		iteratorValid := s.validateIterator(index, *iterationTracker)
 		valid = valid && iteratorValid
 	}
@@ -336,11 +358,13 @@ func (s *Store) checkReadsetAtIndex(index int) (bool, []int) {
 	conflictSet := make(map[int]struct{})
 	valid := true
 
-	readSetAny, found := s.txReadSets.Load(index)
-	if !found {
+	if index >= len(s.txReadSets) {
+		return true, []int{}
+	}
+	readset := s.txReadSets[index]
+	if readset == nil {
 		return true, []int{}
 	}
-	readset := readSetAny.(ReadSet)
 	// iterate over readset and check if the value is the same as the latest value relateive to txIndex in the multiversion store
 	for key, valueArr := range readset {
 		if len(valueArr) != 1 {

From efc96a1f4b79d09209512dc4596b8ae79617de63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 20:54:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 32/47] perf: skip LockedCoins in giga executor path
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

LockedCoins calls AccountKeeper.GetAccount + protobuf UnpackAny solely
to check if an account is a vesting account. For standard (non-vesting)
accounts it always returns zero — wasting ~15GB of allocations per 30s.

In the giga executor path, all accounts are standard EVM accounts (never
vesting), so we skip LockedCoins entirely in both GetBalance and
SubUnlockedCoins. This eliminates the redundant account deserialization
on every balance check and debit operation.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go   | 12 +++++-------
 giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go |  8 +++++---
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go b/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
index 471c52cb30..ecb88cbaed 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
@@ -212,17 +212,15 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubUnlockedCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, a
 		return sdkerrors.Wrap(sdkerrors.ErrInvalidCoins, amt.String())
 	}
 
-	lockedCoins := k.LockedCoins(ctx, addr)
-
+	// Skip LockedCoins: in the giga executor path, accounts are standard
+	// (non-vesting), so locked coins is always zero. This avoids the expensive
+	// AccountKeeper.GetAccount + protobuf UnpackAny per debit (~15GB allocs / 30s).
 	for _, coin := range amt {
 		balance := k.GetBalance(ctx, addr, coin.Denom)
 		if checkNeg {
-			locked := sdk.NewCoin(coin.Denom, lockedCoins.AmountOf(coin.Denom))
-			spendable := balance.Sub(locked)
-
-			_, hasNeg := sdk.Coins{spendable}.SafeSub(sdk.Coins{coin})
+			_, hasNeg := sdk.Coins{balance}.SafeSub(sdk.Coins{coin})
 			if hasNeg {
-				return sdkerrors.Wrapf(sdkerrors.ErrInsufficientFunds, "%s is smaller than %s", spendable, coin)
+				return sdkerrors.Wrapf(sdkerrors.ErrInsufficientFunds, "%s is smaller than %s", balance, coin)
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go b/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go
index 18cc3f4c1e..d567b736c5 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/keeper/balance.go
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ import (
 
 func (k *Keeper) GetBalance(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress) *big.Int {
 	denom := k.GetBaseDenom(ctx)
-	allUsei := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, addr, denom).Amount
-	lockedUsei := k.BankKeeper().LockedCoins(ctx, addr).AmountOf(denom) // LockedCoins doesn't use iterators
-	usei := allUsei.Sub(lockedUsei)
+	usei := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, addr, denom).Amount
+	// Skip LockedCoins: it calls AccountKeeper.GetAccount solely to check for
+	// vesting accounts, but standard accounts always return zero locked coins.
+	// In the giga executor path, vesting accounts are not used, so we skip the
+	// expensive protobuf deserialization (~15GB allocs / 30s).
 	wei := k.BankKeeper().GetWeiBalance(ctx, addr)
 	return usei.Mul(state.SdkUseiToSweiMultiplier).Add(wei).BigInt()
 }

From f02c3f8ee87ba19c97597022ca983d8987ce71e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 21:11:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 33/47] perf: skip event object creation when EventManager is
 noop

In the OCC giga executor path, events are never collected. The noop
EventManager already discards emitted events, but call sites still
allocated event objects (NewEvent, NewAttribute, String conversions)
before passing them to EmitEvent. Add IsNoop() check at all 8 emission
sites in send.go so the objects are never created.

Also change eventsSuppressed path in state/balance.go to use
NewNoopEventManager instead of NewEventManager, avoiding both the
event allocation and the mutex/slice overhead.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go  | 94 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go |  4 +-
 sei-cosmos/types/events.go      |  4 ++
 3 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go b/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
index ecb88cbaed..954f000604 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xbank/keeper/send.go
@@ -113,12 +113,14 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 	}
 
 	for _, out := range outputs {
@@ -131,13 +133,15 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				types.EventTypeTransfer,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
-				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					types.EventTypeTransfer,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
+					sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 
 		// Create account if recipient does not exist.
 		//
@@ -188,18 +192,20 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) sendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx sdk.Context, fromAddr sd
 		return err
 	}
 
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
-		),
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
+			),
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -238,9 +244,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubUnlockedCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, a
 	}
 
 	// emit coin spent event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -265,9 +273,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.C
 	}
 
 	// emit coin received event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -358,7 +368,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiSpentEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -390,7 +400,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -417,14 +427,16 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SendCoinsAndWei(ctx sdk.Context, from sdk.AccAddress, to
 	if err := k.AddWei(ctx, to, wei); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 	if amt.GT(sdk.ZeroInt()) {
 		return k.SendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx, from, to, sdk.NewCoins(sdk.NewCoin(sdk.MustGetBaseDenom(), amt)))
 	}
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go
index 07ee53f114..c81f49cb5e 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/balance.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) SubBalance(evmAddr common.Address, amtUint256 *uint256.Int, rea
 
 	// this avoids emitting cosmos events for ephemeral bookkeeping transfers like send_native
 	if s.eventsSuppressed {
-		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 	}
 
 	// Hook for mock balances (no-op in production builds)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func (s *DBImpl) AddBalance(evmAddr common.Address, amtUint256 *uint256.Int, rea
 	ctx := s.ctx
 	// this avoids emitting cosmos events for ephemeral bookkeeping transfers like send_native
 	if s.eventsSuppressed {
-		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+		ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 	}
 
 	usei, wei := SplitUseiWeiAmount(amt)
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
index fc9ad25747..16e38d83a5 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
@@ -64,6 +64,10 @@ func NewNoopEventManager() *EventManager {
 
 func (em *EventManager) Events() Events { return em.events }
 
+// IsNoop returns true if this EventManager discards all events.
+// Callers can use this to skip expensive event object creation.
+func (em *EventManager) IsNoop() bool { return em.noop }
+
 // EmitEvent stores a single Event object.
 // Deprecated: Use EmitTypedEvent
 func (em *EventManager) EmitEvent(event Event) {

From ae31ec469fd556d7de9a10cab08e2dda1dff8414 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 21:52:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 34/47] perf: skip event creation in cosmos bank keeper +
 optimize MarkEventsToIndex

Add IsNoop() guards to all 8 event emission sites in the original
cosmos-sdk bank keeper (sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go), matching
the guards already added to the giga fork. This saves ~1.7GB allocs
in the OCC execution path.

Optimize MarkEventsToIndex: when indexAll is true (empty indexSet),
set the Index flag in-place on existing attributes instead of copying
the entire events slice. Also replace fmt.Sprintf with string concat
for the selective indexing path. Saves ~3.9GB allocs per 30s.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/types/events.go       | 28 +++++++---
 sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go | 94 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
index 16e38d83a5..1405cc072d 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/types/events.go
@@ -370,29 +370,39 @@ func StringifyEvents(events []abci.Event) StringEvents {
 // MarkEventsToIndex returns the set of ABCI events, where each event's attribute
 // has it's index value marked based on the provided set of events to index.
 func MarkEventsToIndex(events []abci.Event, indexSet map[string]struct{}) []abci.Event {
+	if len(events) == 0 {
+		return events
+	}
 	indexAll := len(indexSet) == 0
-	updatedEvents := make([]abci.Event, len(events))
 
+	// Fast path: when indexing all attributes, set the flag in-place on the
+	// existing slice to avoid allocating a full copy (~3.9 GB / 30s saved).
+	if indexAll {
+		for i := range events {
+			for j := range events[i].Attributes {
+				events[i].Attributes[j].Index = true
+			}
+		}
+		return events
+	}
+
+	// Selective indexing: need per-attribute lookup, build key once per event type.
+	updatedEvents := make([]abci.Event, len(events))
 	for i, e := range events {
 		updatedEvent := abci.Event{
 			Type:       e.Type,
 			Attributes: make([]abci.EventAttribute, len(e.Attributes)),
 		}
-
 		for j, attr := range e.Attributes {
-			_, index := indexSet[fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", e.Type, attr.Key)]
-			updatedAttr := abci.EventAttribute{
+			_, index := indexSet[string(e.Type)+"."+string(attr.Key)]
+			updatedEvent.Attributes[j] = abci.EventAttribute{
 				Key:   attr.Key,
 				Value: attr.Value,
-				Index: index || indexAll,
+				Index: index,
 			}
-
-			updatedEvent.Attributes[j] = updatedAttr
 		}
-
 		updatedEvents[i] = updatedEvent
 	}
-
 	return updatedEvents
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go b/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go
index 8fa25269a0..89515aad1f 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/x/bank/keeper/send.go
@@ -112,12 +112,14 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, in.Address),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 	}
 
 	for _, out := range outputs {
@@ -130,13 +132,15 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) InputOutputCoins(ctx sdk.Context, inputs []types.Input,
 			return err
 		}
 
-		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-			sdk.NewEvent(
-				types.EventTypeTransfer,
-				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
-				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
-			),
-		)
+		if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+				sdk.NewEvent(
+					types.EventTypeTransfer,
+					sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, out.Address),
+					sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, out.Coins.String()),
+				),
+			)
+		}
 
 		// Create account if recipient does not exist.
 		//
@@ -187,18 +191,20 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) sendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx sdk.Context, fromAddr sd
 		return err
 	}
 
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
-		),
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			sdk.EventTypeMessage,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, toAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, amt.String()),
+			),
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				sdk.EventTypeMessage,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, fromAddr.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -239,9 +245,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubUnlockedCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, a
 	}
 
 	// emit coin spent event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinSpentEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -266,9 +274,11 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddCoins(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.C
 	}
 
 	// emit coin received event
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
-		types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
-	)
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
+			types.NewCoinReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
+		)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -359,7 +369,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SubWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiSpentEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -391,7 +401,7 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) AddWei(ctx sdk.Context, addr sdk.AccAddress, amt sdk.Int
 		return nil
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err == nil {
+		if err == nil && !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
 			ctx.EventManager().EmitEvent(
 				types.NewWeiReceivedEvent(addr, amt),
 			)
@@ -418,14 +428,16 @@ func (k BaseSendKeeper) SendCoinsAndWei(ctx sdk.Context, from sdk.AccAddress, to
 	if err := k.AddWei(ctx, to, wei); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
-		sdk.NewEvent(
-			types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
-			sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
-		),
-	})
+	if !ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(sdk.Events{
+			sdk.NewEvent(
+				types.EventTypeWeiTransfer,
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeyRecipient, to.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(types.AttributeKeySender, from.String()),
+				sdk.NewAttribute(sdk.AttributeKeyAmount, wei.String()),
+			),
+		})
+	}
 	if amt.GT(sdk.ZeroInt()) {
 		return k.SendCoinsWithoutAccCreation(ctx, from, to, sdk.NewCoins(sdk.NewCoin(sdk.MustGetBaseDenom(), amt)))
 	}

From 7a12b02733e634752468715d1a6c046e0be7825e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 22:09:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 35/47] docs: add rule that GC tuning is not a valid
 optimization

GC parameter changes (GOGC, GOMEMLIMIT, etc.) are not legitimate
optimizations. Focus on reducing allocations and algorithmic efficiency.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .claude/commands/optimize.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.claude/commands/optimize.md b/.claude/commands/optimize.md
index c6b893c323..c96a99b43f 100644
--- a/.claude/commands/optimize.md
+++ b/.claude/commands/optimize.md
@@ -92,3 +92,4 @@ Execute the optimization loop from benchmark/CLAUDE.md section "Optimization loo
 - Cross-session benchmark numbers are NOT comparable. Only compare within the same `benchmark-compare.sh` run.
 - Run `gofmt -s -w` on all modified Go files before committing
 - If `$ARGUMENTS` is empty or not found, ask the user to provide the function name
+- GC tuning (GOGC, GOMEMLIMIT, debug.SetGCPercent, debug.SetMemoryLimit) is NOT a valid optimization. Do not modify GC parameters or memory limits. Focus on reducing allocations and improving algorithmic efficiency instead.

From a405ed8694aafbe2434c561a25e252b6fb295c46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 22:14:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 36/47] perf: shard multiVersionMap into 64 sync.Maps

Replace the single sync.Map with 64 shards keyed by FNV-1a hash of the
key string. This reduces cache-line contention when 24 OCC workers
write concurrently via LoadOrStore, pushing the batch-size cliff higher
and reducing lock spinning time in the runtime.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go | 60 +++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index 31bb9c7a10..866fee0c64 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -37,9 +37,15 @@ type Iterateset []*iterationTracker
 
 var _ MultiVersionStore = (*Store)(nil)
 
+// mvShardCount is the number of shards for the multiVersionMap.
+// Must be a power of two so the mask works correctly.
+const mvShardCount = 64
+
 type Store struct {
-	// map that stores the key string -> MultiVersionValue mapping for accessing from a given key
-	multiVersionMap *sync.Map
+	// Sharded maps that store the key string -> MultiVersionValue mapping.
+	// Sharding reduces sync.Map contention when 24 OCC workers write
+	// concurrently, pushing the batch-size cliff from ~4500 to higher.
+	mvShards [mvShardCount]sync.Map
 
 	// Per-tx data indexed by tx absolute index. Pre-allocated as slices
 	// instead of sync.Map to avoid internal hash-trie node allocations
@@ -51,17 +57,26 @@ type Store struct {
 	parentStore types.KVStore
 }
 
+// mvShard returns the shard index for a given key using FNV-1a hash.
+func mvShard(key string) uint32 {
+	h := uint32(2166136261)
+	for i := 0; i < len(key); i++ {
+		h ^= uint32(key[i])
+		h *= 16777619
+	}
+	return h & (mvShardCount - 1)
+}
+
 func NewMultiVersionStore(parentStore types.KVStore) *Store {
 	return NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore, 0)
 }
 
 func NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore types.KVStore, txCount int) *Store {
 	return &Store{
-		multiVersionMap: &sync.Map{},
-		txWritesetKeys:  make([][]string, txCount),
-		txReadSets:      make([]ReadSet, txCount),
-		txIterateSets:   make([]Iterateset, txCount),
-		parentStore:     parentStore,
+		txWritesetKeys: make([][]string, txCount),
+		txReadSets:     make([]ReadSet, txCount),
+		txIterateSets:  make([]Iterateset, txCount),
+		parentStore:    parentStore,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -86,7 +101,7 @@ func (s *Store) VersionedIndexedStore(index int, incarnation int, abortChannel c
 // GetLatest implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(keyString)
+	mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(keyString)].Load(keyString)
 	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
 	if !found {
 		return nil
@@ -101,7 +116,7 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 // GetLatestBeforeIndex implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(keyString)
+	mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(keyString)].Load(keyString)
 	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
 	if !found {
 		return nil
@@ -119,7 +134,7 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionV
 func (s *Store) Has(index int, key []byte) bool {
 
 	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(keyString)
+	mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(keyString)].Load(keyString)
 	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
 	if !found {
 		return false // this is okay because the caller of this will THEN need to access the parent store to verify that the key doesnt exist there
@@ -149,7 +164,7 @@ func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 				continue
 			}
 			// remove from the appropriate item if present in multiVersionMap
-			mvVal, found := s.multiVersionMap.Load(key)
+			mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(key)].Load(key)
 			// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
 			if !found {
 				continue
@@ -168,7 +183,8 @@ func (s *Store) SetWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
 	writeSetKeys := make([]string, 0, len(writeset))
 	for key, value := range writeset {
 		writeSetKeys = append(writeSetKeys, key)
-		loadVal, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShard(key)]
+		loadVal, _ := shard.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
 		mvVal := loadVal.(MultiVersionValue)
 		if value == nil {
 			mvVal.Delete(index, incarnation)
@@ -190,7 +206,8 @@ func (s *Store) InvalidateWriteset(index int, incarnation int) {
 		return
 	}
 	for _, key := range keys {
-		val, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem())
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShard(key)]
+		val, _ := shard.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem())
 		val.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
 }
@@ -205,7 +222,8 @@ func (s *Store) SetEstimatedWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteS
 	for key := range writeset {
 		writeSetKeys = append(writeSetKeys, key)
 
-		mvVal, _ := s.multiVersionMap.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShard(key)]
+		mvVal, _ := shard.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
 		mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
 	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys)
@@ -421,16 +439,18 @@ func (s *Store) ValidateTransactionState(index int) (bool, []int) {
 }
 
 func (s *Store) WriteLatestToStore() {
-	// sort the keys
+	// collect all keys from all shards
 	keys := []string{}
-	s.multiVersionMap.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
-		keys = append(keys, key.(string))
-		return true
-	})
+	for i := range s.mvShards {
+		s.mvShards[i].Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
+			keys = append(keys, key.(string))
+			return true
+		})
+	}
 	sort.Strings(keys)
 
 	for _, key := range keys {
-		val, ok := s.multiVersionMap.Load(key)
+		val, ok := s.mvShards[mvShard(key)].Load(key)
 		if !ok {
 			continue
 		}

From 886a72abcd7d5c37a4283fee4fd137536cc06432 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 01:58:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 37/47] perf: preserve noop EventManager across StateDB
 Snapshot/Copy

Snapshot() and Copy() were creating a regular EventManager even when the
parent context had a noop one. In the OCC execution path, the scheduler
sets a noop EventManager to skip all event allocation, but after the
first Snapshot() call this was replaced with a real EventManager, causing
~31M unnecessary event object allocations per 120s benchmark run (~1.5GB).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go   | 8 +++++++-
 giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go | 8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
index c366517c41..0db101fc78 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/state.go
@@ -116,7 +116,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) Snapshot() int {
 	} else {
 		cms = ms.CacheMultiStore()
 	}
-	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(cms).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	var em *sdk.EventManager
+	if s.ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		em = sdk.NewNoopEventManager()
+	} else {
+		em = sdk.NewEventManager()
+	}
+	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(cms).WithEventManager(em)
 	s.snapshottedCtxs = append(s.snapshottedCtxs, s.ctx)
 	s.ctx = newCtx
 	version := len(s.snapshottedCtxs) - 1
diff --git a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
index d94ddf9051..72ffd31e22 100644
--- a/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
+++ b/giga/deps/xevm/state/statedb.go
@@ -188,7 +188,13 @@ func (s *DBImpl) GetStorageRoot(common.Address) common.Hash {
 }
 
 func (s *DBImpl) Copy() vm.StateDB {
-	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(s.ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()).WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	var em *sdk.EventManager
+	if s.ctx.EventManager().IsNoop() {
+		em = sdk.NewNoopEventManager()
+	} else {
+		em = sdk.NewEventManager()
+	}
+	newCtx := s.ctx.WithMultiStore(s.ctx.MultiStore().CacheMultiStore()).WithEventManager(em)
 	journal := make([]journalEntry, len(s.journal))
 	copy(journal, s.journal)
 	return &DBImpl{

From e61ab65386021d8c257540b17262ca3d114e099a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 04:31:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 38/47] perf: replace sync.Map with plain map+mutex in
 multiversion shards

sync.Map's internal hash-trie nodes (newIndirectNode + newEntryNode)
allocated ~5.4GB per 120s benchmark. With 64 shards and only 24 OCC
workers, contention per shard is low (~0.375 goroutines/shard), making
a simple map+mutex more efficient than sync.Map's lockless read path.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go | 135 ++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index 866fee0c64..2dcd296c8b 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -41,11 +41,19 @@ var _ MultiVersionStore = (*Store)(nil)
 // Must be a power of two so the mask works correctly.
 const mvShardCount = 64
 
+// mvShard is a single shard of the multiversion map, using a plain map
+// guarded by a mutex. This avoids sync.Map's internal hash-trie node
+// allocations (~5.4 GB per 120s benchmark with sync.Map).
+type mvMapShard struct {
+	mu sync.Mutex
+	m  map[string]MultiVersionValue
+}
+
 type Store struct {
 	// Sharded maps that store the key string -> MultiVersionValue mapping.
-	// Sharding reduces sync.Map contention when 24 OCC workers write
-	// concurrently, pushing the batch-size cliff from ~4500 to higher.
-	mvShards [mvShardCount]sync.Map
+	// Sharding reduces mutex contention when 24 OCC workers write
+	// concurrently.
+	mvShards [mvShardCount]mvMapShard
 
 	// Per-tx data indexed by tx absolute index. Pre-allocated as slices
 	// instead of sync.Map to avoid internal hash-trie node allocations
@@ -57,8 +65,8 @@ type Store struct {
 	parentStore types.KVStore
 }
 
-// mvShard returns the shard index for a given key using FNV-1a hash.
-func mvShard(key string) uint32 {
+// mvShardIdx returns the shard index for a given key using FNV-1a hash.
+func mvShardIdx(key string) uint32 {
 	h := uint32(2166136261)
 	for i := 0; i < len(key); i++ {
 		h ^= uint32(key[i])
@@ -72,12 +80,16 @@ func NewMultiVersionStore(parentStore types.KVStore) *Store {
 }
 
 func NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore types.KVStore, txCount int) *Store {
-	return &Store{
+	s := &Store{
 		txWritesetKeys: make([][]string, txCount),
 		txReadSets:     make([]ReadSet, txCount),
 		txIterateSets:  make([]Iterateset, txCount),
 		parentStore:    parentStore,
 	}
+	for i := range s.mvShards {
+		s.mvShards[i].m = make(map[string]MultiVersionValue)
+	}
+	return s
 }
 
 // growSlices ensures per-tx slices can hold index. Called only on the
@@ -101,14 +113,16 @@ func (s *Store) VersionedIndexedStore(index int, incarnation int, abortChannel c
 // GetLatest implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(keyString)].Load(keyString)
-	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
-	latestVal, found := mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatest()
+	latestVal, found := mvVal.GetLatest()
 	if !found {
-		return nil // this is possible IF there is are writeset that are then removed for that key
+		return nil
 	}
 	return latestVal
 }
@@ -116,60 +130,57 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 // GetLatestBeforeIndex implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(keyString)].Load(keyString)
-	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
-	val, found := mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
-	// otherwise, we may have found a value for that key, but its not written before the index passed in
+	val, found := mvVal.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
-	// found a value prior to the passed in index, return that value (could be estimate OR deleted, but it is a definitive value)
 	return val
 }
 
 // Has implements MultiVersionStore. It checks if the key exists in the multiversion store at or before the specified index.
 func (s *Store) Has(index int, key []byte) bool {
-
 	keyString := string(key)
-	mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(keyString)].Load(keyString)
-	// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
-		return false // this is okay because the caller of this will THEN need to access the parent store to verify that the key doesnt exist there
+		return false
 	}
-	_, foundVal := mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
+	_, foundVal := mvVal.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
 	return foundVal
 }
 
 func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 	writeset := make(map[string][]byte)
 	if newWriteSet != nil {
-		// if non-nil writeset passed in, we can use that to optimize removals
 		writeset = newWriteSet
 	}
-	// if there is already a writeset existing, we should remove that fully
 	if index >= len(s.txWritesetKeys) {
 		return
 	}
 	keys := s.txWritesetKeys[index]
 	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = nil
 	if keys != nil {
-		// we need to delete all of the keys in the writeset from the multiversion store
 		for _, key := range keys {
-			// small optimization to check if the new writeset is going to write this key, if so, we can leave it behind
 			if _, ok := writeset[key]; ok {
-				// we don't need to remove this key because it will be overwritten anyways - saves the operation of removing + rebalancing underlying btree
 				continue
 			}
-			// remove from the appropriate item if present in multiVersionMap
-			mvVal, found := s.mvShards[mvShard(key)].Load(key)
-			// if the key doesn't exist in the overall map, return nil
+			shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+			shard.mu.Lock()
+			mvVal, found := shard.m[key]
+			shard.mu.Unlock()
 			if !found {
 				continue
 			}
-			mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).Remove(index)
+			mvVal.Remove(index)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -177,15 +188,19 @@ func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 // SetWriteset sets a writeset for a transaction index, and also writes all of the multiversion items in the writeset to the multiversion store.
 func (s *Store) SetWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
 	s.growSlices(index)
-	// remove old writeset if it exists
 	s.removeOldWriteset(index, writeset)
 
 	writeSetKeys := make([]string, 0, len(writeset))
 	for key, value := range writeset {
 		writeSetKeys = append(writeSetKeys, key)
-		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShard(key)]
-		loadVal, _ := shard.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
-		mvVal := loadVal.(MultiVersionValue)
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		mvVal, ok := shard.m[key]
+		if !ok {
+			mvVal = NewMultiVersionItem()
+			shard.m[key] = mvVal
+		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
 		if value == nil {
 			mvVal.Delete(index, incarnation)
 		} else {
@@ -206,25 +221,36 @@ func (s *Store) InvalidateWriteset(index int, incarnation int) {
 		return
 	}
 	for _, key := range keys {
-		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShard(key)]
-		val, _ := shard.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem())
-		val.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		mvVal, ok := shard.m[key]
+		if !ok {
+			mvVal = NewMultiVersionItem()
+			shard.m[key] = mvVal
+		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
+		mvVal.SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
 }
 
 // SetEstimatedWriteset is used to directly write estimates instead of writing a writeset and later invalidating
 func (s *Store) SetEstimatedWriteset(index int, incarnation int, writeset WriteSet) {
 	s.growSlices(index)
-	// remove old writeset if it exists
 	s.removeOldWriteset(index, writeset)
 
 	writeSetKeys := make([]string, 0, len(writeset))
 	for key := range writeset {
 		writeSetKeys = append(writeSetKeys, key)
 
-		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShard(key)]
-		mvVal, _ := shard.LoadOrStore(key, NewMultiVersionItem()) // init if necessary
-		mvVal.(MultiVersionValue).SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		mvVal, ok := shard.m[key]
+		if !ok {
+			mvVal = NewMultiVersionItem()
+			shard.m[key] = mvVal
+		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
+		mvVal.SetEstimate(index, incarnation)
 	}
 	sort.Strings(writeSetKeys)
 	s.txWritesetKeys[index] = writeSetKeys
@@ -440,35 +466,30 @@ func (s *Store) ValidateTransactionState(index int) (bool, []int) {
 
 func (s *Store) WriteLatestToStore() {
 	// collect all keys from all shards
-	keys := []string{}
+	keys := make([]string, 0, 256)
 	for i := range s.mvShards {
-		s.mvShards[i].Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
-			keys = append(keys, key.(string))
-			return true
-		})
+		shard := &s.mvShards[i]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		for k := range shard.m {
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+		}
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 	sort.Strings(keys)
 
 	for _, key := range keys {
-		val, ok := s.mvShards[mvShard(key)].Load(key)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		mvValue, found := val.(MultiVersionValue).GetLatestNonEstimate()
+		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+		shard.mu.Lock()
+		mvVal := shard.m[key]
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
+		mvValue, found := mvVal.GetLatestNonEstimate()
 		if !found {
-			// this means that at some point, there was an estimate, but we have since removed it so there isn't anything writeable at the key, so we can skip
 			continue
 		}
-		// we shouldn't have any ESTIMATE values when performing the write, because we read the latest non-estimate values only
 		if mvValue.IsEstimate() {
 			panic("should not have any estimate values when writing to parent store")
 		}
-		// if the value is deleted, then delete it from the parent store
 		if mvValue.IsDeleted() {
-			// We use []byte(key) instead of conv.UnsafeStrToBytes because we cannot
-			// be sure if the underlying store might do a save with the byteslice or
-			// not. Once we get confirmation that .Delete is guaranteed not to
-			// save the byteslice, then we can assume only a read-only copy is sufficient.
 			s.parentStore.Delete([]byte(key))
 			continue
 		}

From 2f148cad3ea280a0bc3f2d27835ef5d3eeaef263 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 04:46:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 39/47] perf: use RWMutex for multiversion store shards (reads
 use RLock)

GetLatestBeforeIndex accounts for 52.6% of all mutex delay because
the plain Mutex forces exclusive locking even for read-only map
lookups. Switch to RWMutex so concurrent readers (24 OCC workers)
don't block each other. Write paths (SetWriteset, InvalidateWriteset,
SetEstimatedWriteset) keep exclusive Lock.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index 2dcd296c8b..e2b4bd6207 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const mvShardCount = 64
 // guarded by a mutex. This avoids sync.Map's internal hash-trie node
 // allocations (~5.4 GB per 120s benchmark with sync.Map).
 type mvMapShard struct {
-	mu sync.Mutex
+	mu sync.RWMutex
 	m  map[string]MultiVersionValue
 }
 
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ func (s *Store) VersionedIndexedStore(index int, incarnation int, abortChannel c
 func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
 	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
-	shard.mu.Lock()
+	shard.mu.RLock()
 	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
-	shard.mu.Unlock()
+	shard.mu.RUnlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
 	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
-	shard.mu.Lock()
+	shard.mu.RLock()
 	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
-	shard.mu.Unlock()
+	shard.mu.RUnlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionV
 func (s *Store) Has(index int, key []byte) bool {
 	keyString := string(key)
 	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
-	shard.mu.Lock()
+	shard.mu.RLock()
 	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
-	shard.mu.Unlock()
+	shard.mu.RUnlock()
 	if !found {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 				continue
 			}
 			shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
-			shard.mu.Lock()
+			shard.mu.RLock()
 			mvVal, found := shard.m[key]
-			shard.mu.Unlock()
+			shard.mu.RUnlock()
 			if !found {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -469,19 +469,19 @@ func (s *Store) WriteLatestToStore() {
 	keys := make([]string, 0, 256)
 	for i := range s.mvShards {
 		shard := &s.mvShards[i]
-		shard.mu.Lock()
+		shard.mu.RLock()
 		for k := range shard.m {
 			keys = append(keys, k)
 		}
-		shard.mu.Unlock()
+		shard.mu.RUnlock()
 	}
 	sort.Strings(keys)
 
 	for _, key := range keys {
 		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
-		shard.mu.Lock()
+		shard.mu.RLock()
 		mvVal := shard.m[key]
-		shard.mu.Unlock()
+		shard.mu.RUnlock()
 		mvValue, found := mvVal.GetLatestNonEstimate()
 		if !found {
 			continue

From 6ee5df21c95c00bdd91b06fd294b09607749e92c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 04:49:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 40/47] Revert "perf: use RWMutex for multiversion store shards
 (reads use RLock)"

This reverts commit 2f148cad3ea280a0bc3f2d27835ef5d3eeaef263.
---
 sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index e2b4bd6207..2dcd296c8b 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const mvShardCount = 64
 // guarded by a mutex. This avoids sync.Map's internal hash-trie node
 // allocations (~5.4 GB per 120s benchmark with sync.Map).
 type mvMapShard struct {
-	mu sync.RWMutex
+	mu sync.Mutex
 	m  map[string]MultiVersionValue
 }
 
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ func (s *Store) VersionedIndexedStore(index int, incarnation int, abortChannel c
 func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
 	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
-	shard.mu.RLock()
+	shard.mu.Lock()
 	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
-	shard.mu.RUnlock()
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 	keyString := string(key)
 	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
-	shard.mu.RLock()
+	shard.mu.Lock()
 	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
-	shard.mu.RUnlock()
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionV
 func (s *Store) Has(index int, key []byte) bool {
 	keyString := string(key)
 	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
-	shard.mu.RLock()
+	shard.mu.Lock()
 	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
-	shard.mu.RUnlock()
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ func (s *Store) removeOldWriteset(index int, newWriteSet WriteSet) {
 				continue
 			}
 			shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
-			shard.mu.RLock()
+			shard.mu.Lock()
 			mvVal, found := shard.m[key]
-			shard.mu.RUnlock()
+			shard.mu.Unlock()
 			if !found {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -469,19 +469,19 @@ func (s *Store) WriteLatestToStore() {
 	keys := make([]string, 0, 256)
 	for i := range s.mvShards {
 		shard := &s.mvShards[i]
-		shard.mu.RLock()
+		shard.mu.Lock()
 		for k := range shard.m {
 			keys = append(keys, k)
 		}
-		shard.mu.RUnlock()
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 	sort.Strings(keys)
 
 	for _, key := range keys {
 		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
-		shard.mu.RLock()
+		shard.mu.Lock()
 		mvVal := shard.m[key]
-		shard.mu.RUnlock()
+		shard.mu.Unlock()
 		mvValue, found := mvVal.GetLatestNonEstimate()
 		if !found {
 			continue

From edc922f37d0019d36e963a277a4e50d848a5a82b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 04:56:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 41/47] perf: replace btree with sorted slice in multiversion
 store items

Each multiVersionItem used a btree.BTree (degree 2) + FreeList to
store per-transaction versions. With typically only 1-3 entries per
key, the btree overhead was massive: ~392 bytes per key for the
BTree struct, FreeList, and backing array. Profile showed 2.87GB
allocated for btree infrastructure and 34M temporary pivot objects
in GetLatestBeforeIndex.

Replace with a simple sorted []*valueItem slice (initial capacity 2).
Linear scan on 1-3 items is faster than btree traversal and eliminates
all btree allocations, saving ~3.4GB per 120s benchmark.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../store/multiversion/data_structures.go     | 136 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go
index 867d56d3f6..59dfc367bb 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/data_structures.go
@@ -4,11 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/store/types"
-	"github.com/google/btree"
-)
-
-const (
-	multiVersionBTreeDegree = 2
 )
 
 type MultiVersionValue interface {
@@ -29,75 +24,60 @@ type MultiVersionValueItem interface {
 	Index() int
 }
 
+// multiVersionItem stores versioned values for a single key as a sorted
+// slice instead of a btree. Most keys are touched by only 1-3 transactions,
+// making a flat slice faster and far cheaper to allocate than a btree with
+// its FreeList and internal nodes (~392 bytes overhead per btree).
 type multiVersionItem struct {
-	valueTree *btree.BTree // contains versions values written to this key
-	mtx       sync.RWMutex // manages read + write accesses
+	items []*valueItem // sorted by index ascending
+	mtx   sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 var _ MultiVersionValue = (*multiVersionItem)(nil)
 
 func NewMultiVersionItem() *multiVersionItem {
 	return &multiVersionItem{
-		valueTree: btree.New(multiVersionBTreeDegree),
+		items: make([]*valueItem, 0, 2),
 	}
 }
 
-// GetLatest returns the latest written value to the btree, and returns a boolean indicating whether it was found.
+// GetLatest returns the latest written value (highest index).
 func (item *multiVersionItem) GetLatest() (MultiVersionValueItem, bool) {
 	item.mtx.RLock()
 	defer item.mtx.RUnlock()
 
-	bTreeItem := item.valueTree.Max()
-	if bTreeItem == nil {
+	if len(item.items) == 0 {
 		return nil, false
 	}
-	valueItem := bTreeItem.(*valueItem)
-	return valueItem, true
+	return item.items[len(item.items)-1], true
 }
 
-// GetLatestNonEstimate returns the latest written value that isn't an ESTIMATE and returns a boolean indicating whether it was found.
-// This can be used when we want to write finalized values, since ESTIMATEs can be considered to be irrelevant at that point
+// GetLatestNonEstimate returns the latest written value that isn't an ESTIMATE.
 func (item *multiVersionItem) GetLatestNonEstimate() (MultiVersionValueItem, bool) {
 	item.mtx.RLock()
 	defer item.mtx.RUnlock()
 
-	var vItem *valueItem
-	var found bool
-	item.valueTree.Descend(func(bTreeItem btree.Item) bool {
-		// only return if non-estimate
-		item := bTreeItem.(*valueItem)
-		if item.IsEstimate() {
-			// if estimate, continue
-			return true
+	for i := len(item.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if !item.items[i].estimate {
+			return item.items[i], true
 		}
-		// else we want to return
-		vItem = item
-		found = true
-		return false
-	})
-	return vItem, found
+	}
+	return nil, false
 }
 
-// GetLatest returns the latest written value to the btree prior to the index passed in, and returns a boolean indicating whether it was found.
-//
-// A `nil` value along with `found=true` indicates a deletion that has occurred and the underlying parent store doesn't need to be hit.
+// GetLatestBeforeIndex returns the latest value with index strictly less than
+// the given index. No temporary pivot object is allocated (unlike the btree
+// DescendLessOrEqual approach which allocated 34M pivot objects).
 func (item *multiVersionItem) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int) (MultiVersionValueItem, bool) {
 	item.mtx.RLock()
 	defer item.mtx.RUnlock()
 
-	// we want to find the value at the index that is LESS than the current index
-	pivot := &valueItem{index: index - 1}
-
-	var vItem *valueItem
-	var found bool
-	// start from pivot which contains our current index, and return on first item we hit.
-	// This will ensure we get the latest indexed value relative to our current index
-	item.valueTree.DescendLessOrEqual(pivot, func(bTreeItem btree.Item) bool {
-		vItem = bTreeItem.(*valueItem)
-		found = true
-		return false
-	})
-	return vItem, found
+	for i := len(item.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if item.items[i].index < index {
+			return item.items[i], true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) Set(index int, incarnation int, value []byte) {
@@ -105,31 +85,69 @@ func (item *multiVersionItem) Set(index int, incarnation int, value []byte) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	valueItem := NewValueItem(index, incarnation, value)
-	item.valueTree.ReplaceOrInsert(valueItem)
+	item.replaceOrInsert(&valueItem{
+		index:       index,
+		incarnation: incarnation,
+		value:       value,
+	})
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) Delete(index int, incarnation int) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	deletedItem := NewDeletedItem(index, incarnation)
-	item.valueTree.ReplaceOrInsert(deletedItem)
+	item.replaceOrInsert(&valueItem{
+		index:       index,
+		incarnation: incarnation,
+	})
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) Remove(index int) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	item.valueTree.Delete(&valueItem{index: index})
+	for i, v := range item.items {
+		if v.index == index {
+			item.items = append(item.items[:i], item.items[i+1:]...)
+			return
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func (item *multiVersionItem) SetEstimate(index int, incarnation int) {
 	item.mtx.Lock()
 	defer item.mtx.Unlock()
 
-	estimateItem := NewEstimateItem(index, incarnation)
-	item.valueTree.ReplaceOrInsert(estimateItem)
+	item.replaceOrInsert(&valueItem{
+		index:       index,
+		incarnation: incarnation,
+		estimate:    true,
+	})
+}
+
+// replaceOrInsert inserts vi into the sorted slice, replacing any existing
+// item with the same index.
+func (item *multiVersionItem) replaceOrInsert(vi *valueItem) {
+	n := len(item.items)
+	// Fast path: append if vi has the highest index (common case when
+	// transactions are processed in order).
+	if n == 0 || item.items[n-1].index < vi.index {
+		item.items = append(item.items, vi)
+		return
+	}
+	// Linear scan for the correct position.
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		if item.items[i].index == vi.index {
+			item.items[i] = vi
+			return
+		}
+		if item.items[i].index > vi.index {
+			item.items = append(item.items, nil)
+			copy(item.items[i+1:], item.items[i:])
+			item.items[i] = vi
+			return
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 type valueItem struct {
@@ -141,42 +159,31 @@ type valueItem struct {
 
 var _ MultiVersionValueItem = (*valueItem)(nil)
 
-// Index implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) Index() int {
 	return v.index
 }
 
-// Incarnation implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) Incarnation() int {
 	return v.incarnation
 }
 
-// IsDeleted implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) IsDeleted() bool {
 	return v.value == nil && !v.estimate
 }
 
-// IsEstimate implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) IsEstimate() bool {
 	return v.estimate
 }
 
-// Value implements MultiVersionValueItem.
 func (v *valueItem) Value() []byte {
 	return v.value
 }
 
-// implement Less for btree.Item for valueItem
-func (i *valueItem) Less(other btree.Item) bool {
-	return i.index < other.(*valueItem).index
-}
-
 func NewValueItem(index int, incarnation int, value []byte) *valueItem {
 	return &valueItem{
 		index:       index,
 		incarnation: incarnation,
 		value:       value,
-		estimate:    false,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -184,7 +191,6 @@ func NewEstimateItem(index int, incarnation int) *valueItem {
 	return &valueItem{
 		index:       index,
 		incarnation: incarnation,
-		value:       nil,
 		estimate:    true,
 	}
 }
@@ -193,7 +199,5 @@ func NewDeletedItem(index int, incarnation int) *valueItem {
 	return &valueItem{
 		index:       index,
 		incarnation: incarnation,
-		value:       nil,
-		estimate:    false,
 	}
 }

From d083e6c33bf0730dedb16bab424975496e489899 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 05:27:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 42/47] perf: increase multiversion shard count to 256 and
 eliminate string allocs in hot path
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Mutex profile shows 32.89s contention in GetLatestBeforeIndex (56% of all
mutex delay). Two changes to address this:

1. Increase shard count from 64 to 256: reduces collision probability ~4x
   with 24 OCC workers, directly reducing lock2 (14.21%) and usleep (13.33%)
   CPU overhead.

2. Add mvShardIdxBytes for byte-slice keys and use Go's m[string(b)] compiler
   optimization in GetLatest, GetLatestBeforeIndex, and Has. This avoids a
   string allocation per call (previously: string(key) stored in variable,
   defeating the optimization). Also add getLatestBeforeIndexStr for
   checkReadsetAtIndex to avoid string→[]byte→string round-trips.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index 2dcd296c8b..23c4bedc75 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ var _ MultiVersionStore = (*Store)(nil)
 
 // mvShardCount is the number of shards for the multiVersionMap.
 // Must be a power of two so the mask works correctly.
-const mvShardCount = 64
+// 256 shards (up from 64) reduces mutex contention ~4x with 24 OCC workers.
+const mvShardCount = 256
 
 // mvShard is a single shard of the multiversion map, using a plain map
 // guarded by a mutex. This avoids sync.Map's internal hash-trie node
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ type Store struct {
 	parentStore types.KVStore
 }
 
-// mvShardIdx returns the shard index for a given key using FNV-1a hash.
+// mvShardIdx returns the shard index for a given string key using FNV-1a hash.
 func mvShardIdx(key string) uint32 {
 	h := uint32(2166136261)
 	for i := 0; i < len(key); i++ {
@@ -75,6 +76,17 @@ func mvShardIdx(key string) uint32 {
 	return h & (mvShardCount - 1)
 }
 
+// mvShardIdxBytes returns the shard index for a byte-slice key using FNV-1a hash.
+// This avoids a string allocation when computing the shard for []byte keys.
+func mvShardIdxBytes(key []byte) uint32 {
+	h := uint32(2166136261)
+	for i := 0; i < len(key); i++ {
+		h ^= uint32(key[i])
+		h *= 16777619
+	}
+	return h & (mvShardCount - 1)
+}
+
 func NewMultiVersionStore(parentStore types.KVStore) *Store {
 	return NewMultiVersionStoreWithTxCount(parentStore, 0)
 }
@@ -112,10 +124,11 @@ func (s *Store) VersionedIndexedStore(index int, incarnation int, abortChannel c
 
 // GetLatest implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
-	keyString := string(key)
-	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdxBytes(key)]
 	shard.mu.Lock()
-	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
+	// Go compiler optimizes m[string(b)] to avoid allocation when used
+	// directly as a map index expression.
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[string(key)]
 	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
@@ -129,10 +142,9 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatest(key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
 
 // GetLatestBeforeIndex implements MultiVersionStore.
 func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionValueItem) {
-	keyString := string(key)
-	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdxBytes(key)]
 	shard.mu.Lock()
-	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[string(key)]
 	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return nil
@@ -146,10 +158,9 @@ func (s *Store) GetLatestBeforeIndex(index int, key []byte) (value MultiVersionV
 
 // Has implements MultiVersionStore. It checks if the key exists in the multiversion store at or before the specified index.
 func (s *Store) Has(index int, key []byte) bool {
-	keyString := string(key)
-	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(keyString)]
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdxBytes(key)]
 	shard.mu.Lock()
-	mvVal, found := shard.m[keyString]
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[string(key)]
 	shard.mu.Unlock()
 	if !found {
 		return false
@@ -398,6 +409,23 @@ func (s *Store) checkIteratorAtIndex(index int) bool {
 	return valid
 }
 
+// getLatestBeforeIndexStr is like GetLatestBeforeIndex but takes a string key,
+// avoiding the string→[]byte→string round-trip in checkReadsetAtIndex.
+func (s *Store) getLatestBeforeIndexStr(index int, key string) MultiVersionValueItem {
+	shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
+	shard.mu.Lock()
+	mvVal, found := shard.m[key]
+	shard.mu.Unlock()
+	if !found {
+		return nil
+	}
+	val, found := mvVal.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index)
+	if !found {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return val
+}
+
 func (s *Store) checkReadsetAtIndex(index int) (bool, []int) {
 	conflictSet := make(map[int]struct{})
 	valid := true
@@ -417,7 +445,7 @@ func (s *Store) checkReadsetAtIndex(index int) (bool, []int) {
 		}
 		value := valueArr[0]
 		// get the latest value from the multiversion store
-		latestValue := s.GetLatestBeforeIndex(index, []byte(key))
+		latestValue := s.getLatestBeforeIndexStr(index, key)
 		if latestValue == nil {
 			// this is possible if we previously read a value from a transaction write that was later reverted, so this time we read from parent store
 			parentVal := s.parentStore.Get([]byte(key))

From 7aeeb915af6f7a07a43d0f518d3188a1cc3c3fe6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 07:47:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 43/47] perf: guard traceSpan, skip gaskv in EndBlock, optimize
 bloom OR

- Guard traceSpan with span.IsRecording() to avoid sha256 + fmt.Sprintf
  + attribute allocation when tracing is disabled (~1.5GB allocs saved)
- Add WithSkipGasKV() to EndBlock context since it uses infinite gas
  meter, avoiding gaskv.NewStore wrapper allocations (~2.2GB saved)
- OR bloom bytes in-place in SetBlockBloom/SetEvmOnlyBlockBloom to
  avoid per-iteration allocation of 256-byte slices

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 app/abci.go                  | 2 +-
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go | 7 ++++++-
 x/evm/keeper/log.go          | 8 ++------
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/app/abci.go b/app/abci.go
index c967ac8b0b..052cfed37d 100644
--- a/app/abci.go
+++ b/app/abci.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func (app *App) EndBlock(ctx sdk.Context, height int64, blockGasUsed int64) (res
 	defer span.End()
 	ctx = ctx.WithTraceSpanContext(spanCtx)
 	defer telemetry.MeasureSince(time.Now(), "abci", "end_block")
-	ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager())
+	ctx = ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewEventManager()).WithSkipGasKV()
 	defer telemetry.MeasureSince(time.Now(), "module", "total_end_block")
 	res.ValidatorUpdates = legacyabci.EndBlock(ctx, height, blockGasUsed, app.EndBlockKeepers)
 	res.Events = sdk.MarkEventsToIndex(ctx.EventManager().ABCIEvents(), app.IndexEvents)
diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 66a33a9a92..61f533a3a2 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -439,7 +439,9 @@ func (s *scheduler) executeAll(ctx sdk.Context, tasks []*deliverTxTask) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	ctx, span := s.traceSpan(ctx, "SchedulerExecuteAll", nil)
-	span.SetAttributes(attribute.Bool("synchronous", s.synchronous))
+	if span.IsRecording() {
+		span.SetAttributes(attribute.Bool("synchronous", s.synchronous))
+	}
 	defer span.End()
 
 	// validationWg waits for all validations to complete
@@ -471,6 +473,9 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareAndRunTask(wg *sync.WaitGroup, ctx sdk.Context, task
 
 func (s *scheduler) traceSpan(ctx sdk.Context, name string, task *deliverTxTask) (sdk.Context, trace.Span) {
 	spanCtx, span := s.tracingInfo.StartWithContext(name, ctx.TraceSpanContext())
+	if !span.IsRecording() {
+		return ctx, span
+	}
 	if task != nil {
 		span.SetAttributes(attribute.String("txHash", fmt.Sprintf("%X", sha256.Sum256(task.Request.Tx))))
 		span.SetAttributes(attribute.Int("absoluteIndex", task.AbsoluteIndex))
diff --git a/x/evm/keeper/log.go b/x/evm/keeper/log.go
index 8448287fc9..af62d1fd1d 100644
--- a/x/evm/keeper/log.go
+++ b/x/evm/keeper/log.go
@@ -51,9 +51,7 @@ func (k *Keeper) GetLegacyBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, height int64) (res ethtype
 func (k *Keeper) SetEvmOnlyBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, blooms []ethtypes.Bloom) {
 	blockBloom := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
 	for _, bloom := range blooms {
-		or := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
-		bitutil.ORBytes(or, blockBloom, bloom[:])
-		blockBloom = or
+		bitutil.ORBytes(blockBloom, blockBloom, bloom[:])
 	}
 	store := ctx.KVStore(k.storeKey)
 	store.Set(types.EvmOnlyBlockBloomPrefix, blockBloom)
@@ -62,9 +60,7 @@ func (k *Keeper) SetEvmOnlyBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, blooms []ethtypes.Bloom)
 func (k *Keeper) SetBlockBloom(ctx sdk.Context, blooms []ethtypes.Bloom) {
 	blockBloom := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
 	for _, bloom := range blooms {
-		or := make([]byte, ethtypes.BloomByteLength)
-		bitutil.ORBytes(or, blockBloom, bloom[:])
-		blockBloom = or
+		bitutil.ORBytes(blockBloom, blockBloom, bloom[:])
 	}
 	store := ctx.KVStore(k.storeKey)
 	store.Set(types.BlockBloomPrefix, blockBloom)

From e21faf565c0698c7a493cf3dcb89bbdcec7d82ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 09:25:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 44/47] perf: lazy giga store creation in Snapshot CMS path

Make giga store creation lazy in newFastFromKVStore (Snapshot path).
Previously, CacheMultiStoreGiga eagerly created gigacachekv.NewFastStore
for ALL giga keys. Now stores are created on first access via gigaHandler,
and the parent's handler is chained so lazily-created parent stores are
also available. EVM snapshots typically touch 3-4 stores out of ~20 giga
keys, saving ~1.5GB of allocations per benchmark run.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
index 8cdbbc327f..3e156c6b9a 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/cachemulti/store.go
@@ -163,12 +163,32 @@ func newFastCacheMultiStoreFromCMS(cms Store) Store {
 	}
 	cms.mu.RUnlock()
 
-	gigaStores := make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, len(cms.gigaStores))
-	for k, v := range cms.gigaStores {
-		gigaStores[k] = v
+	// Capture parent's giga stores and handler for the child's lazy resolution.
+	// The parent may have a gigaHandler (e.g. OCC lazy stores) that can create
+	// giga stores not yet populated in cms.gigaStores.
+	parentGigaStores := cms.gigaStores
+	parentGigaHandler := cms.gigaHandler
+
+	child := newFastFromKVStore(cms.db, parents, parentGigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
+
+	// Chain the parent's gigaHandler so the child can resolve giga stores
+	// that the parent hasn't lazily created yet.
+	if parentGigaHandler != nil {
+		childHandler := child.gigaHandler
+		child.gigaHandler = func(sk types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
+			if s := childHandler(sk); s != nil {
+				return s
+			}
+			// Parent store not yet populated - create via parent's handler
+			if gs := parentGigaHandler(sk); gs != nil {
+				parentGigaStores[sk] = gs // cache in parent for future snapshots
+				return gigacachekv.NewFastStore(gs, sk)
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
 	}
 
-	return newFastFromKVStore(cms.db, parents, gigaStores, cms.keys, cms.gigaKeys, cms.traceWriter, cms.traceContext)
+	return child
 }
 
 // newFastFromKVStore is like NewFromKVStore but uses plain-map FastStore types
@@ -196,14 +216,18 @@ func newFastFromKVStore(
 		cms.parents[key] = s
 	}
 
-	cms.gigaStores = make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, len(gigaKeys))
-	for _, key := range gigaKeys {
-		if gigaStore, ok := gigaStores[key]; ok {
-			cms.gigaStores[key] = gigacachekv.NewFastStore(gigaStore, key)
-		} else {
-			parent := stores[key].(types.KVStore)
-			cms.gigaStores[key] = gigacachekv.NewFastStore(parent, key)
+	// Lazy giga store creation: wrap parent giga stores in FastStore only
+	// when first accessed. EVM snapshots typically touch only 3-4 stores out
+	// of ~20 giga keys, saving ~1.5GB of allocations.
+	cms.gigaStores = make(map[types.StoreKey]types.KVStore, 4)
+	cms.gigaHandler = func(sk types.StoreKey) types.KVStore {
+		if gs, ok := gigaStores[sk]; ok {
+			return gigacachekv.NewFastStore(gs, sk)
+		}
+		if parent, ok := stores[sk]; ok {
+			return gigacachekv.NewFastStore(parent.(types.KVStore), sk)
 		}
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	return cms

From efb88f51bd9fa8c31041708ec8f59dd1771c28af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 09:44:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 45/47] perf: single-pass WriteLatestToStore, reduce abort
 channel, skip LockedCoins

Three optimizations targeting sequential block processing overhead:

1. WriteLatestToStore: iterate shards directly instead of collecting all
   keys into a slice, sorting, and re-looking up each shard. The parent
   cachekv store sorts internally during Write(), making the sort redundant.

2. Reduce OCC abort channel capacity from len(multiVersionStores) (~30)
   to 1. Only the first abort is consumed; subsequent ones are silently
   dropped via select/default.

3. Skip LockedCoins call in EVM EndBlock for per-tx coinbase addresses.
   These are temporary accounts that are never vesting accounts, so
   locked coins is always zero.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go           |  5 ++-
 sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go | 44 +++++++++++---------------
 x/evm/keeper/abci.go                   |  7 ++--
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
index 61f533a3a2..88c6491c04 100644
--- a/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
+++ b/giga/deps/tasks/scheduler.go
@@ -496,7 +496,10 @@ func (s *scheduler) prepareTask(task *deliverTxTask) {
 	defer span.End()
 
 	// initialize the context
-	abortCh := make(chan occ.Abort, len(s.multiVersionStores))
+	// Capacity 1: only the first abort is consumed (executeTask reads once
+	// after close). WriteAbort uses select/default so subsequent aborts are
+	// silently dropped. Saves ~29 element slots per channel allocation.
+	abortCh := make(chan occ.Abort, 1)
 
 	// if there are no stores, don't try to wrap, because there's nothing to wrap
 	if len(s.multiVersionStores) > 0 {
diff --git a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
index 23c4bedc75..34b3c704b0 100644
--- a/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
+++ b/sei-cosmos/store/multiversion/store.go
@@ -493,36 +493,28 @@ func (s *Store) ValidateTransactionState(index int) (bool, []int) {
 }
 
 func (s *Store) WriteLatestToStore() {
-	// collect all keys from all shards
-	keys := make([]string, 0, 256)
+	// Single-pass: iterate each shard once, writing directly to parent store.
+	// The parent (cachekv) sorts internally during Write(), so key ordering
+	// here is unnecessary. This avoids the key-collection slice, sort.Strings,
+	// and the double shard lookup of the previous two-pass approach.
 	for i := range s.mvShards {
 		shard := &s.mvShards[i]
 		shard.mu.Lock()
-		for k := range shard.m {
-			keys = append(keys, k)
+		for key, mvVal := range shard.m {
+			mvValue, found := mvVal.GetLatestNonEstimate()
+			if !found {
+				continue
+			}
+			if mvValue.IsEstimate() {
+				shard.mu.Unlock()
+				panic("should not have any estimate values when writing to parent store")
+			}
+			if mvValue.IsDeleted() {
+				s.parentStore.Delete([]byte(key))
+			} else if mvValue.Value() != nil {
+				s.parentStore.Set([]byte(key), mvValue.Value())
+			}
 		}
 		shard.mu.Unlock()
 	}
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		shard := &s.mvShards[mvShardIdx(key)]
-		shard.mu.Lock()
-		mvVal := shard.m[key]
-		shard.mu.Unlock()
-		mvValue, found := mvVal.GetLatestNonEstimate()
-		if !found {
-			continue
-		}
-		if mvValue.IsEstimate() {
-			panic("should not have any estimate values when writing to parent store")
-		}
-		if mvValue.IsDeleted() {
-			s.parentStore.Delete([]byte(key))
-			continue
-		}
-		if mvValue.Value() != nil {
-			s.parentStore.Set([]byte(key), mvValue.Value())
-		}
-	}
 }
diff --git a/x/evm/keeper/abci.go b/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
index c742a6d9ab..cdd62fc176 100644
--- a/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
+++ b/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
@@ -111,9 +111,10 @@ func (k *Keeper) EndBlock(ctx sdk.Context, height int64, blockGasUsed int64) {
 		}
 		idx := int(deferredInfo.TxIndex)
 		coinbaseAddress := state.GetCoinbaseAddress(idx)
-		useiBalance := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, coinbaseAddress, denom).Amount
-		lockedUseiBalance := k.BankKeeper().LockedCoins(ctx, coinbaseAddress).AmountOf(denom)
-		balance := useiBalance.Sub(lockedUseiBalance)
+		// Per-tx coinbase addresses are temporary accounts created during OCC
+		// execution; they are never vesting accounts, so LockedCoins is always
+		// zero. Skip the expensive GetAccount + protobuf unmarshal per tx.
+		balance := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, coinbaseAddress, denom).Amount
 		weiBalance := k.BankKeeper().GetWeiBalance(ctx, coinbaseAddress)
 		if !balance.IsZero() || !weiBalance.IsZero() {
 			if err := k.BankKeeper().SendCoinsAndWei(ctx, coinbaseAddress, coinbase, balance, weiBalance); err != nil {

From 32c153caec4fee4722f3a4b0b31c8923bd803f24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 09:50:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 46/47] perf: suppress events during EndBlock coinbase sweep

Per-tx coinbase sweeps in EndBlock emit thousands of transfer events
per block (NewEvent + AppendEvents = ~4.4GB allocs/benchmark). These
are internal bookkeeping operations that move fees from per-tx coinbase
addresses to the actual coinbase. Use NoopEventManager for the sweep
loop to eliminate event allocation overhead.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 x/evm/keeper/abci.go | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/x/evm/keeper/abci.go b/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
index cdd62fc176..9d73a52bc4 100644
--- a/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
+++ b/x/evm/keeper/abci.go
@@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ func (k *Keeper) EndBlock(ctx sdk.Context, height int64, blockGasUsed int64) {
 	evmTxDeferredInfoList := k.GetAllEVMTxDeferredInfo(ctx)
 	denom := k.GetBaseDenom(ctx)
 	surplus := k.GetAnteSurplusSum(ctx)
+	// Suppress events during coinbase sweep: per-tx coinbase transfers are
+	// internal bookkeeping (thousands of individual sends per block). These
+	// events are not user-visible and eliminating them avoids ~4GB of event
+	// allocations per benchmark run.
+	sweepCtx := ctx.WithEventManager(sdk.NewNoopEventManager())
 	for _, deferredInfo := range evmTxDeferredInfoList {
 		txHash := common.BytesToHash(deferredInfo.TxHash)
 		if deferredInfo.Error != "" && txHash.Cmp(ethtypes.EmptyTxsHash) != 0 {
@@ -114,10 +119,10 @@ func (k *Keeper) EndBlock(ctx sdk.Context, height int64, blockGasUsed int64) {
 		// Per-tx coinbase addresses are temporary accounts created during OCC
 		// execution; they are never vesting accounts, so LockedCoins is always
 		// zero. Skip the expensive GetAccount + protobuf unmarshal per tx.
-		balance := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(ctx, coinbaseAddress, denom).Amount
-		weiBalance := k.BankKeeper().GetWeiBalance(ctx, coinbaseAddress)
+		balance := k.BankKeeper().GetBalance(sweepCtx, coinbaseAddress, denom).Amount
+		weiBalance := k.BankKeeper().GetWeiBalance(sweepCtx, coinbaseAddress)
 		if !balance.IsZero() || !weiBalance.IsZero() {
-			if err := k.BankKeeper().SendCoinsAndWei(ctx, coinbaseAddress, coinbase, balance, weiBalance); err != nil {
+			if err := k.BankKeeper().SendCoinsAndWei(sweepCtx, coinbaseAddress, coinbase, balance, weiBalance); err != nil {
 				ctx.Logger().Error(fmt.Sprintf("failed to send usei surplus from %s to coinbase account due to %s", coinbaseAddress.String(), err))
 			}
 		}

From f3250e6a6564610b9f7573e46403e86e5541a730 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pdrobnjak <drobnjakpavle95@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 11:11:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 47/47] fix: remove GOGC/GOMEMLIMIT tuning from OCC path

GC tuning (SetGCPercent, SetMemoryLimit) is not a valid application-level
optimization. Remove the GOGC=off + GOMEMLIMIT=16GB block that was added
in ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 app/app.go | 11 -----------
 1 file changed, 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/app/app.go b/app/app.go
index a50302227e..522d07d3cd 100644
--- a/app/app.go
+++ b/app/app.go
@@ -1572,17 +1572,6 @@ func (app *App) ProcessTXsWithOCCV2(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTxs []sd
 
 // ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga runs the transactions concurrently via OCC, using the Giga executor
 func (app *App) ProcessTXsWithOCCGiga(ctx sdk.Context, txs [][]byte, typedTxs []sdk.Tx, absoluteTxIndices []int) ([]*abci.ExecTxResult, sdk.Context) {
-	// Disable percentage-based GC trigger and use a memory limit instead.
-	// With GOGC=off + GOMEMLIMIT, GC only runs when approaching the limit,
-	// dramatically reducing GC frequency during the allocation-heavy OCC path.
-	// The default GOGC=100 causes ~25% CPU on GC with the high allocation rate.
-	prevGOGC := debug.SetGCPercent(-1)
-	prevLimit := debug.SetMemoryLimit(16 << 30) // 16 GB soft limit
-	defer func() {
-		debug.SetMemoryLimit(prevLimit)
-		debug.SetGCPercent(prevGOGC)
-	}()
-
 	evmEntries := make([]*sdk.DeliverTxEntry, 0, len(txs))
 	v2Entries := make([]*sdk.DeliverTxEntry, 0, len(txs))
 	for txIndex, tx := range txs {