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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<h1>SQL</h1>
</div>
</section>
<!-- course start -->
<section class="course">
<h1>QUESTIONS BASED ON SWIFT LANGUAGE</h1>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Define DBMS.</h4>
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</svg>
</div>
<div class = "answer">
<p>
DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is a collection of application programs which allow the user to organize, restore and retrieve information about data efficiently and as effectively as possible.
Some of the popular DBMS’s are MySql, Oracle, Sybase, etc.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Define RDBMS.</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Relational Database Management System(RDBMS) is based on a relational model of data that is stored in databases in separate tables and they are related to the use of a common column. Data can be accessed easily from the relational database using Structured Query Language (SQL).
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Enlist the advantages of DBMS.</h4>
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<p>
The advantages of DBMS includes:
<br>• Data is stored in a structured way and hence redundancy is controlled.
<br>• Validates the data entered and provide restrictions on unauthorized access to the database.
<br>• Provides backup and recovery of the data when required.
<br>• It provides multiple user interfaces.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What do you understand by Data Redundancy?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Duplication of data in the database is known as data redundancy. As a result of data redundancy, duplicated data is present at multiple locations, hence it leads to wastage of the storage space and the integrity of the database is destroyed.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What are the various types of relationships in Database? Define them.</h4>
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<p>
There are 3 types of relationships in Database:
<br> • One-to-one: One table has a relationship with another table having the similar kind of column. Each primary key relates to only one or no record in the related table.
<br> • One-to-many: One table has a relationship with another table that has primary and foreign key relations. The primary key table contains only one record that relates to none, one or many records in the related table.
<br> • Many-to-many: Each record in both the tables can relate to many numbers of records in another table.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Explain Normalization and De-Normalization.</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from the database by splitting the table in a well-defined manner in order to maintain data integrity. This process saves much of the storage space.
<br>De-normalization is the process of adding up redundant data on the table in order to speed up the complex queries and thus achieve better performance.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What are the different types of Normalization?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Different types of Normalization are:
<br> • First Normal Form (1NF): A relation is said to be in 1NF only when all the entities of the table contain unique or atomic values.
<br>• Second Normal Form (2NF): A relation is said to be in 2NF only if it is in 1NF and all the non-key attribute of the table is fully dependent on the primary key.
<br>• Third Normal Form (3NF): A relation is said to be in 3NF only if it is in 2NF and every non-key attribute of the table is not transitively dependent on the primary key.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is BCNF?</h4>
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</div>
<div class = "answer">
<p>
BCNF is the Boyce Code Normal form. It is the higher version of 3Nf which does not have any multiple overlapping candidate keys.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is SQL?</h4>
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</div>
<div class = "answer">
<p>
Structured Query language, SQL is an ANSI(American National Standard Institute) standard programming language that is designed specifically for storing and managing the data in the relational database management system (RDBMS) using all kinds of data operations.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>How many SQL statements are used? Define them.</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
SQL statements are basically divided into three categories, DDL, DML, and DCL.
<br> They can be defined as:
<br>• Data Definition Language (DDL) commands are used to define the structure that holds the data. These commands are auto-committed i.e. changes done by the DDL commands on the database are saved permanently.
<br>• Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands are used to manipulate the data of the database. These commands are not auto-committed and can be rolled back.
<br>• Data Control Language (DCL) commands are used to control the visibility of the data in the database like revoke access permission for using data in the database.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Define DML Compiler.</h4>
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</svg>
</div>
<div class = "answer">
<p>
DML compiler translates DML statements in a query language into a low-level instruction and the generated instruction can be understood by Query Evaluation Engine.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is DDL interpreter?</h4>
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</div>
<div class = "answer">
<p>
DDL Interpreter interprets the DDL statements and records the generated statements in the table containing metadata.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Enlist the advantages of SQL.</h4>
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</svg>
</div>
<div class = "answer">
<p>
Advantages of SQL are:
<br>• Simple SQL queries can be used to retrieve a large amount of data from the database very quickly and efficiently.
<br>• SQL is easy to learn and almost every DBMS supports SQL.
<br>• It is easier to manage the database using SQL as no large amount of coding is required.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is data abstraction in DBMS?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Data abstraction in DBMS is a process of hiding irrelevant details from users. Because database systems are made of complex data structures so, it makes accessible the user interaction with the database.
<br>For example: We know that most of the users prefer those systems which have a simple GUI that means no complex processing. So, to keep the user tuned and for making the access to the data easy, it is necessary to do data abstraction. In addition to it, data abstraction divides the system in different layers to make the work specified and well defined.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What are the three levels of data abstraction?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Following are three levels of data abstraction:
<br>• Physical level: It is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes how data are stored.
<br>• Logical level: It is the next higher level of abstraction. It describes what data are stored in the database and what the relationship among those data is.
<br>• View level: It is the highest level of data abstraction. It describes only part of the entire database.
<br> For example- User interacts with the system using the GUI and fill the required details, but the user doesn't have any idea how the data is being used. So, the abstraction level is entirely high in VIEW LEVEL.
Then, the next level is for PROGRAMMERS as in this level the fields and records are visible and the programmers have the knowledge of this layer. So, the level of abstraction here is a little low in VIEW LEVEL.
And lastly, physical level in which storage blocks are described.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is Relational Algebra?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Relational Algebra is a Procedural Query Language which contains a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relationship. Relational algebra is the basic set of operations for the relational model. The decisive point of relational algebra is that it is similar to the algebra which operates on the number.
<br> There are few fundamental operations of relational algebra:
<br> • select
<br> • project
<br> • set difference
<br> • union
<br> • rename, etc.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is Relational Calculus?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Relational Calculus is a Non-procedural Query Language which uses mathematical predicate calculus instead of algebra. Relational calculus doesn't work on mathematics fundamentals such as algebra, differential, integration, etc. That's why it is also known as predicate calculus.
<br>There is two type of relational calculus:
<br>• Tuple relational calculus
<br>• Domain relational calculus
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What do you mean by durability in DBMS?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has completed successfully, its effect should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability. Durability ensures that once the transaction is committed into the database, it will be stored in the non-volatile memory and after that system failure cannot affect that data anymore.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is normalization?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Normalization is a process of analysing the given relation schemas according to their functional dependencies. It is used to minimize redundancy and also used to minimize insertion, deletion and update distractions. Normalization is considered as an essential process as it is used to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly, updation anomaly, deletion anomaly.
<br>There most commonly used normal forms are:
<br>• First Normal Form(1NF)
<br>• Second Normal Form(2NF)
<br>• Third Normal Form(3NF)
<br>• Boyce & Codd Normal Form(BCNF)
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is a degree of Relation?</h4>
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<p>
With dynamic loading, a routine is not loaded until it is called. This method is especially useful when large amounts of code are needed in order to handle infrequently occurring cases such as error routines.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What are GROUP functions? Why do we need them?</h4>
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<p>
Group functions work on a set of rows and return a single result per group. The popularly used group functions are AVG, MAX, MIN, SUM, VARIANCE, COUNT
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Define inconsistent dependency.</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
The difficulty of accessing data as the path may be broken or missing defines inconsistent dependency. Inconsistent dependency enables users to search for data in the wrong different table which afterward results in an error as an output.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What are case manipulation functions?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
Case manipulation functions convert existing data in the table to lower, upper or mixed case characters.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Which function is used to return the remainder in a division operator in SQL?</h4>
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<p>
The MOD function returns the remainder in the division operation.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Does the data stored in the stored procedure increase access time or execution time?</h4>
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<p>
Data stored in stored procedures can be retrieved much faster than the data stored in the SQL database. Data can be precompiled and stored in stored procedures. This reduces the time gap between query and compiling as the data has been pre-compiled and stored in the procedure. Procedures may or may not return values.
</p>
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<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What does the BCP command do?</h4>
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<p>
The BCP (Bulk Copy) is a utility or a tool that exports/imports data from a table into a file and vice versa.
</p>
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<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is a non-correlated subquery?</h4>
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<p>
A non-correlated subquery is an independent query, and the output of the subquery is substituted in the main query.
</p>
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</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is lock escalation?</h4>
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<p>
Lock escalation is the process of converting row or page locks into table locks. It is an optimization technique used by RDBMS like SQL Server dynamically.
</p>
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</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DROP statements?</h4>
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<p>
TRUNCATE removes all the rows from the table, and it cannot be rolled back.
<br> DROP command removes a table from the database and operation cannot be rolled back.
</p>
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</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is recursive stored procedure?</h4>
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<p>
A stored procedure which calls by itself until it reaches some boundary condition. This recursive function or procedure helps programmers to use the same set of code any number of times.
</p>
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</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is collation?</h4>
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<p>
Collation is defined as set of rules that determine how character data can be sorted and compared. This can be used to compare A and, other language characters and also depends on the width of the characters.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is Datawarehouse?</h4>
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<p>
Datawarehouse is a central repository of data from multiple sources of information. Those data are consolidated, transformed and made available for the mining and online processing. Warehouse data have a subset of data called Data Marts.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is Auto Increment?</h4>
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<p>
Auto increment keyword allows the user to create a unique number to be generated when a new record is inserted into the table. AUTO INCREMENT keyword can be used in Oracle and IDENTITY keyword can be used in SQL SERVER.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is a trigger?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
A DB trigger is a code or programs that automatically execute with response to some event on a table or view in a database. Mainly, trigger helps to maintain the integrity of the database.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is Database Black Box Testing?</h4>
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<p>
Black Box Testing is a software testing approach that involves testing the functions of software applications without knowing the internal code structure, implementation details, or internal routes. Black Box Testing is a type of software testing that focuses on the input and output of software applications and is totally driven by software requirements and specifications. Behavioral testing is another name for it.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is a Self-Join?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
A self-join is a type of join that can be used to connect two tables. As a result, it is a unary relationship. Each row of the table is attached to itself and all other rows of the same table in a self-join. As a result, a self-join is mostly used to combine and compare rows from the same database table.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is a UNIQUE constraint?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
The UNIQUE Constraint prevents identical values in a column from appearing in two records. The UNIQUE constraint guarantees that every value in a column is unique.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4> What is OLTP?</h4>
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<p>
OLTP, or online transactional processing, allows huge groups of people to execute massive amounts of database transactions in real time, usually via the internet. A database transaction occurs when data in a database is changed, inserted, deleted, or queried.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>What is the SELECT statement?</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
A SELECT command gets zero or more rows from one or more database tables or views. The most frequent data manipulation language (DML) command is SELECT in most applications. SELECT queries define a result set, but not how to calculate it, because SQL is a declarative programming language.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class= "faq">
<div class = "question">
<h4>Explain the recursive stored procedure.</h4>
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<div class = "answer">
<p>
A stored procedure calling itself until it reaches some boundary condition is a recursive stored procedure. It enables the programmers to use a set of code any number of times.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
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<section class="facilities">
<h1>Top 5 Things to Remember in an Interview</h1>
<p>You worked hard on your resume and job application, and now you are called in for an in-person job interview. You are one step closer to your dream job.
It’s time to understand how to succeed in the job interview, so that you can actually land the job. Here are the most important things you have to remember.</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="faq">
<h1>1. Dress appropriately</h1>
<h6>Plan out an outfit that fits the culture of the company you are applying for. If the company does not have a dress code, it’s a good idea to wear business casual.
Leave your shorts and tank top at home, and put on a shirt and a pair of long pants. It’s always better to be overdressed than under. Try on your outfit before the interview to make sure that it fits and looks smart.
</h6>
<h1>2. Arrive on time </h1>
<h6>Don’t ever arrive at a job interview late! It’s best to arrive 15 minutes before the scheduled time in case you have to fill in some paperwork. This also allows you to settle down and check out the dynamics of the office.
If you are not familiar with the area in which the company is located, do a test run a week or two before to make sure that you won’t get lost. If you are driving, make a note on where you can park your car.
</h6>
<h1>3. Mind your manner</h1>
<h6>Be polite and greet everyone you meet, including people you meet in the elevator. When you enter the interview, offer the interviewer a warm greeting. These first few seconds can make or break your interview. At the end of the interview, don’t forget to thank the interviewer for giving you the opportunity for the meeting. When you leave the company, say goodbye to the receptionist.
</h6>
<h1>4. Pay attention to your body language<h1>
<h6> Poor body language, such as playing with a pen, chewing gum, slouching, and even brushing back hair, can be a distraction. If you notice you have a tendency to do any of these, train yourself to avoid these bad habits. You can replace them with positive body language that include nodding, eye contact, smiling, and solid posture.
</h6>
<h1>5. Ask insightful questions</h1>
<h6>Most interviewers end an interview by allowing the candidate to ask questions. Regardless of how well you know the company and how thorough the interviewer in telling you about the job, you must ask a few questions. The more insightful your questions are, the more you will impress your interviewer.
What do you do in an interview? Let us know in the comments below!
</h6>
</div>
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