Run clang-tidy in jenkins

[WardBrian]

We should run clang-tidy in our Jenkins CI.

In particular, the misc-definitions-in-headers rule should keep things like #3245 up to date over time

Originally posted by @WardBrian in #3245 (comment)

[SteveBronder]

We have this setup to run in our make. I think the issue is that we could not agree on which tidy checks we wanted to enforce. But I am still very for this.

https://github.com/stan-dev/math/blob/develop/make/clang-tidy

[syclik]

Can we start with a minimal / reasonable set of things and we can start turning more things later?

[SteveBronder]

I'm totally open to that! I'll try next week to skim over the clang tidy checks to see which would be the most useful / reasonable next week