MySQL Check binlog metadata setting during schema validation

[patrickwwbutler]

Addresses a gap where certain schema changes were being considered valid even though their validity is contingent on the binlog_row_metadata = FULL; mysql system variable setting.

Fixes this broken test: https://buildkite.com/materialize/nightly/builds/15965/steps/canvas?jid=019d6a48-8cf3-44a0-933f-451cda3adff1&tab=output

[github-actions]

Thanks for opening this PR! Here are a few tips to help make the review process smooth for everyone.

PR title guidelines

• Use imperative mood: "Fix X" not "Fixed X" or "Fixes X"
• Be specific: "Fix panic in catalog sync when controller restarts" not "Fix bug" or "Update catalog code"
• Prefix with area if helpful: compute: , storage: , adapter: , sql:

Pre-merge checklist

• The PR title is descriptive and will make sense in the git log.
• This PR has adequate test coverage / QA involvement has been duly considered. (trigger-ci for additional test/nightly runs)
• If this PR includes major user-facing behavior changes, I have pinged the relevant PM to schedule a changelog post.
• This PR has an associated up-to-date design doc, is a design doc (template), or is sufficiently small to not require a design.
• If this PR evolves an existing $T ⇔ Proto$T mapping (possibly in a backwards-incompatible way), then it is tagged with a T-proto label.
• If this PR will require changes to cloud orchestration or tests, there is a companion cloud PR to account for those changes that is tagged with the release-blocker label (example).

[ggevay]

Approving to unblock the fixing of main, but would be good if someone from @MaterializeInc/sources-sinks would also take a look.

(Could you please rebase on the latest main? #35909 fixed another test fail that CI ran into here.)

[martykulma]

lgtm - I kicked off the MySQL nightly tests to validate the fix. The comments need updating for determine_compatibility but doesn't block.

[martykulma]

This comment should be updated, and also the one for the method signature. Ok to do in a follow on PR to unblock.

[patrickwwbutler]

I'm fairly certain this PR has actually just exposed a race condition that already existed when handling MySQL restores, so I'm going to disable the commented out test for right now so that this PR can be merged to unblock main