GH-49552: [C++][FlightRPC][ODBC] Enable ODBC test build on Linux

[justing-bq]

Rationale for this change

The test suite needs to be updated so it will build on Linux in addition to Windows & Mac.
Resolves #49552

What changes are included in this PR?

Miscellaneous changes to get the tests building on Linux.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [C++][FlightRPC][ODBC] Enable ODBC test build on Linux #49552

[github-actions]

Thanks for opening a pull request!

If this is not a minor PR. Could you open an issue for this pull request on GitHub? https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/new/choose

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Then could you also rename the pull request title in the following format?

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See also:

• Other pull requests
• Contribution Guidelines - Contributing Overview

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #49552 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.