fuzz: bump rand to 0.10.0

[cakebaker]

This PR bumps rand from 0.9.0 to 0.10.0 for the fuzzing and adapts the code to its changes.

Closes #11312

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/misc/io-errors. tests/misc/io-errors is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?
Skip an intermittent issue tests/date/date-locale-hour (fails in this run but passes in the 'main' branch)
Skipping an intermittent issue tests/tty/tty-eof (passes in this run but fails in the 'main' branch)
Note: The gnu test tests/basenc/bounded-memory is now being skipped but was previously passing.

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

Skip an intermittent issue tests/date/date-locale-hour (fails in this run but passes in the 'main' branch)
Skipping an intermittent issue tests/pr/bounded-memory (passes in this run but fails in the 'main' branch)
Note: The gnu test tests/printf/printf-surprise is now being skipped but was previously passing.
Note: The gnu test tests/tail/tail-n0f is now being skipped but was previously passing.